Bosnian Refugee Life in America Essay

Thousands of refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina have fled to the United States to seek protection from the ethnoreligious conflicts of the region. To best assist these families, service providers must understand their wartime and migration experiences and their culture. The purpose of this article is to review the literature relevant to working with Bosnian Muslim refugees as well as to understand the uruque issues facing this population. The authors’ interest in Bosnian Muslim refugees is a personal one. Between 1992 and 2001, nearly 3,500 Bosnian refugees escaping ethnic cleansing and war migrated to Bowling Green, a small city of 50,000 in rural southcentral Kentucky. The Bowling Green International Center has been a part of the local community since 1979 and actively works with the United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI). For more than 25 years, the center has assisted thousands of refugees of many nationalities in their migration to the United States and the local community. According to the center’s director, Marty Deputy, Bosnians make up the largest percentage of refugees that have relocated to Bowling Green (personal communication, February 3, 2005). Deputy also indicated that while Bosnian refugees have adapted well to the local community, they still face many challenges because of their experiences in Bosnia in addition to their integration into a new culture. One of the issues that continue to haunt many Bosnian refugees is post-traumatic stress—a result of war and genocide. Post-traumatic stress is particularly an issue for the adult women, who experienced the trauma of rape and sexual assault as well as witnessing the murder of their children and spouses. According to Deputy (personal communication, February 3, 2005), social workers should approach Bosnian families and children with cultural competence. If visiting a Bosnian home, for example, removing one’s shoes when entering is a display of respect and sensitivity. A willingness to drink a strong cup of Bosnian coffee is also appreciated. Social workers also must be sensitive about body language and speech tone. It is also important not to assume that all Bosnians are alike. As with all cultures, there is tremendous variation in the Bosnian culture, along with individual differences in personality and environmental experiences. Bosnian Muslim Experiences in the War The 1991 census for Bosnia-Herzegovina shows that Muslims made up 43. 7% of the total population of 4. 3 million people. Serbs accounted for 31. 3% and Croats 17. 3% (Bringa, 1995). Serbs identified the Muslims’ majority population base in Bosnia-Herzegovina as its strategic strength (Cigar, 1995). In 1992, therefore, the Serbs declared war and began a campaign of ethnic cleansing to eradicate non-Serbs. The term â€Å"ethnic cleansing† stands for the policy of ridding an area of an undesirable national group to create a homogenous region; it represents a type of genocide that is designed to spread terror (Friedman, 1996; Weine & Laub, 1995). Serbia’s initial rationale for its policy was promulgated by the belief that the newly formed state of Bosnia-Herzegovina would create national minorities of the Serb population and eventually destroy the Serb populace as a discrete and unique nation (Friedman, 1996). The prospect of acquiring material goods from the Muslims—land, livestock, houses, cars, and cash—apparently was an additional powerful incentive for many Serbs (Cigar, 1995; Sells, 1998). The indigenous Bosnian Serb population was drawn into a terror campaign of killing and mayhem so the non-Serbian populations would never return. This persecution ultimately led to more than one million Balkan refugees migrating to the United States and other countries. The types of experiences they endured in their homeland before emigrating dramatically influenced their initial adaptation to these new environments. Resettlement and Adaptation Issues As difficult as the war-related experiences were, migration to resettlement countries signaled a transition to new types of struggles for Bosnian refugees. Unlike immigrants who leave their homes for a variety of reasons, refugees leave in order to survive, and they face a new realm of stressors as they attempt to rebuild their lives in exile (Keyes, 2000; Worthington, 2001). Such stressors include difficult transit experiences; culture shock; adjustment problems related to language and occupational change; and disruption in their sense of self, family, and community (Lipson, 1993; Worthington, 2001). Additionally, refugees leaving Bosnia-Herzegovina often have suffered multiple losses, such as severance from family and friends who have been left behind or killed, displacement from their homes and communities, social isolation, and the premature death of their children. Such an accumulation of loss can leave a sense of unresolved grief that can significantly impact mental health and future functioning capacity (Akhtar, 1992; Fullilove, 1996; Sundquist & Johansson, 1996; Worthington, 2001). When refugees cross national boundaries seeking asylum, they typically find themselves in an alien social environment with norms that challenge their traditional patterns of family interaction (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). Most Bosnian refugees have a hierarchical familial power structure and clear role definitions; in the homeland, authority was typically gender-based, with males maintaining instrumental roles and females fulfilling nurturing responsibilities. A traditional Bosnian woman’s commitment to her family includes observing strict codes of privacy and public silence on any issue that might bring shame on the family, such as family discord. For many women, this privacy mandate deters them from divulging details about marital strife or child maltreatment by spouses to outsiders such as work colleagues, community members, and mental health professionals. Consequently, Bosnian female refugees continue to be caught between traditional role models prevalent throughout the former Yugoslavia’s patriarchal society in the 20th Century and the expectations of their new culture. The Bosnian family’s patriarchal patterns of behavior tend to be challenged on arrival in the United States, particularly around work-related issues. Women are more likely than men to find jobs in the low-wage labor market, and in becoming the breadwinners exposed to the outside world, they risk upsetting a family equilibrium based on male authority (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). For Bosnian men, key ethnic and social boundary markers of their lives had evaporated; because of their grief over this, many seemed paralyzed in their attempt to move forward in their new life. Bosnian refugee children also face immense acculturation pressures (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). They often are torn between the beliefs, customs, and values learned in their native culture and the often unrealistic expectations of the new one. The pressure to assimilate the cultural norms of their new country can be intense and extremely stressful. Their parents often lack the material resources and support systems to adequately assist them in navigating the complex terrain of foreign school systems, pervasive racism, and intolerance (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). Consequently, many feel as if they are alone in a foreign, sometimes unforgiving new cultural milieu. To further complicate the situation, family roles often reverse as children typically become more fluent in English faster and adapt more quickly to the customs of the new country (Potocky, 1996). Because children are thrust into the role of serving as the interpreters and negotiators of cultural norms for their parents, respect for the authority of elders is often undermined (Carlin, 1990; Drachman; 1992). Even though most teenagers in the United States feel a certain amount of intergenerational tension, the adolescents of refugees often experience the pull of two vastly different worlds: those of their American peers and their parents (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). They also feel subjected to the xenophobia of their American peers, who often ridicule others who they label as â€Å"different. † Immigration to the United States has provided Bosnian Muslim refugee families with many challenges as they struggle to adapt to their new lives. At first glance, their experiences may be similar to that of other immigrants, raising the familiar questions about how to perpetuate the faith of their forebears among their offspring or how to best preserve cherished cultural practices (Yazbeck- Haddad & Esposito, 2000). But there are some real differences. With the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC, the potential for a xenophobic reception of Muslim immigrants and refugees by Americans has intensified. For example, disputes over the building of mosques represent a key source of friction for most Westerners (Pipes & Duran, 1993). While Bosnian Muslim families may encounter the same issues earlier generations of immigrants faced, they also are burdened with the question of whether their children will be accepted in the United States, and whether Islam can ever be recognized as a positive force that contributes to a pluralistic, multicultural nation (Yazbeck-Haddad & Esposito, 2000). Culturally Competent Practice with Bosnian Muslims When working with Bosnian Muslim refugees, service providers need to learn as much as possible about their culture, particularly given the pivotal role that ethnoreligious identity has played in their war-related experiences (Witmer & Culver, 2001). Bosnian men and women tend to adhere to traditional gender roles; connected with this issue is the intense stigma attached to the sexual violation of women. This stigma frequently led women to refrain from disclosing war rapes to their families (Witmer & Culver, 2001). Bosnian Muslims typically act in ways that preserve the positive image of the family’s identity, especially males, who see openly revealing vulnerability or suffering as a sign of great personal weakness (Weine et al. , 1997). Family is the most important social structure across the urban and rural regions of Bosnia (Mojica-Castillo, 2001). Up until the 1970s, adult children commonly lived with their parents and multiple generations lived in the same house. But today, twoparent families predominate in this region with extended family members often living nearby. A cluster of shoes can typically be found outside a Bosnian home (Mojica-Castillo, 2001). This is because it is customary to remove street shoes and leave them at the door. Bosnians maintain a strong social tradition of neighborliness. The drinking of strong coffee or the sharing of food, accompanied by the essential element of lively conversation, is an important aspect of social life. Traditional music and folk dances are an important part of cultural celebrations. A basic principle of generalist social work is that practitioners need to be able to intervene on behalf of various systems, including individuals, families, orgaruzations, and communities. Additionally, the generalist social worker operates within an ecological framework that attempts to improve coping patterns for a better match between the client system’s needs and the characteristics of his or her environment. An empowerment approach to generalist practice assumes that clients can draw from existing competencies and reservoirs of strength. Empowerment indicates the intent and the processes of assisting client systems to discover and expand the tools and resources around them (Furuto, 2004). Swift and Levin (1987) referred to empowerment as an evolution from dependence to independence and interdependence. Gutierrez (1990) described empowerment as â€Å"the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations† (p. 140). The strengths perspective enhances the concept of empowerment with its focus on promoting healing. Healing implies both wholeness and the inborn ability of the mind and body to resist and regenerate when faced with disruption, disorder, or disease (Furuto, 2004). Ethnic and religious identity may lead to discrimination when the refugee is seeking a job that requires intervention on a more personal level. Long-term difficulty in finding a job that provides the family with adequate income may cause low self-esteem and family tension culminating in violence (Furuto & Murase, 1992). Various system levels often must be addressed simultaneously (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). Western thinking on designing comprehensive mental health services is mostly based on the individual as the primary system targeted for intervention; hence, existing services tend to be designed for a North American population (Mooren & Kleber, 1999). Furthermore, treatment of mental health disorders typically follows a medical model using talk therapy and drugs. Western theories also emphasize intrapersonal processes in isolation from the cultural context. The prevailing view that the responses to trauma are individual centered is in keeping with this tradition. Service providers must use the refugees’ own, indigenous cultural definitions of health and illness when making mental health assessments (Boothby, 1996; Wing Sue, Ivey, & Pedersen, 1996). For example, a Bosnian client who had the Western diag nosis of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder â€Å"refused medication saying that there was nothing wrong with him that medications could fix, and insisted that the clinician understand that his current condition was a result of the wrongs that had been done to him, and not because of anything that was wrong with him† (Weine & Laub, 1995, p. 255). To address the issue of respecting the client’s definition of the issue, Yuen (1999) promoted a more holistic biopsychosocial model of intervention when working with Bosnian children and their families; hence, the importance of using an ethnically sensitive ecological framework becomes a second principle of culturally competent practice. A third principle is to respect the indigenous strengths and resources within Bosnians that empower them to cope with their own experiences. Chow & Yuen (2000) noted the necessity for an empowerment and capacity building model where refugees become partners in the design and elivery of services within their community. Efforts to design and deliver human service programs should include using indigenous Bosnian religious and cultural organizations, as well as self-help groups (Chow & Yuen, 2000). Conclusion After Bosnians flee their homeland, they need protection in the asylum country. This necessitates supportive policies and macrolevel intervention competence. The main policy that guides refugee resettlement in the United States is Public Law 96-212, the Refugee Act of 1980 (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). Based on the goal of helping refugees achieve economic self-sufficiency as quickly as possible, the act defines self-sufficiency as not receiving welfare benefits (Potocky, 1996). As such, this policy may be ineffective in helping refugees to settle in an optimal manner. To become truly self-sufficient, service providers need to redefine success in more progressive ways, such as helping refugees to effectively deal with resettlement issues relating to acculturation, psychological trauma, and intergenerational conflict—all of which can impede long-term economic self-sufficiency. This new goal requires adequate fiscal resources to develop programs and engage in active community outreach (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). Social services must aspire to restore the psychological health and dignity of these families and children, who have seen the worst side of human nature. Helping them establish a positive self-image is critical to their success. While the genocide of family members and violent acts can never be forgotten, surrounding Bosnian Muslim refugees with a network of positive, supportive services can help them establish a solid foothold in the United States.

Micro-Brewery Business

The Bok Ale House and Brewery, an Atlantic Beach based pub and microbrewery (Brewpub) will operate as a single unit, medium-size alehouse, serving fine, hand crafted, high quality, ale, and lager beers. The microbrewery will be located at 1001 Atlantic Boulevard in Atlantic Beach, North Carolina. Today there are over 700 microbreweries operating in the United States. The Bok Ale House and Brewery will be Atlantic Beaches† first modern microbrewery, dedicated to producing flavorful ale and lager beers. A tradition revitalized! The company's goal is that of a multi-faceted success. Our first responsibility is to the financial well being of the brewery. We will meet this goal while trying to consider; 1) the effect of our products on the well being of our customers (and our staff), 2) the impact that our business practices and choices will have on the environment, and 3) the high quality of attitude, fairness, understanding, and generosity between management, staff, customers, and vendors. Awareness of all these factors and the responsible actions that result will give our efforts a sense of purpose and meaning beyond our basic financial goals. The Bok Ale House and Brewery was incorporated in July of 1999. The founders are Minnie Mouse and Daisy. Minnie is the President and Daisy is the Vice President. There are 5,000 shares of common stock issued. Minnie and Daisy each own 1,000 shares and the remainder are retained by the company for future distribution. In addition they have loaned the company $100,000 of their own money for research and start-up costs. This company will be formed as a Partnership in lieu of a Proprietorship with Minnie and Daisy sharing equal responsibilities. A suitable site for the first restaurant was found last month and lease negotiations are in the final stages. The location will be on Atlantic Boulevard, just outside Catwalk Pavilion and close to a dense population of the target market. When the lease is signed, there will be three months of free rent for construction and in that time the balance of the start-up funds must be raised. With that phase completed, The Bok Ale House and Brewery can then open and the operations phase of the project can begin. If the business is meeting its projections by year two, we will start scouting for a second location and develop plans for the next unit. Our five-year goal is to exceed the maximum barrelage for a microbrewery (15,000 barrels annually ) and become a mass producer of Bok Ale and Boà °a Bok Lager worldwide with an annual profit of between $500,000 and $1,000,000. Although the microbrewery industry is very competitive, the lifestyle changes created by modern living continue to fuel its steady growth. Trends are very important and Bok Ale House and Brewery is well positioned for the current interest in trendy, casual, beach atmosphere. As of March 15, 1999, there were 1,528 microbreweries, brewpubs, and regional specialty breweries in North America.2 There are more than 2000 malt beverage brands produced in the United States, six times the number of brands produced a decade ago. U.S. and international brewers continue to produce a tremendous array of beer styles with solid niche markets continuing to develop for industry members of every size. The brew process was considered a woman†s job until the end of the first millennium. At that time, monastery breweries began practicing the brewing process. The monks decided they wanted a great tasting, nutritious drink to serve their meals. During fasting, beer was used to satisfy the hungry monks because the consumption of liquids did not break the rules of fasting. The monks were reported to drink large quantities of beer each day. Their love for the beverage turned it into a business. The microbrewery business is becoming one of the largest industries in the country. In June 1997, an article in the North Carolina Times Union noted that there were 154 microbreweries without a brewpub attached and 278 more with a brewpub. In 1993 new microbreweries opened at the rate of nearly two per week in the State of North Carolina, particularly in the beaches areas . It accounts for over $240 billion annually in sales and the independent microbrewery accounts for 15% of that total. The average American spends 15% of his/her income on social entertainment outside the home. This number has been increasing for the past several years. According to the 1991-1992 North America Brewers Resource Directory, the average per-capita consumption of malt beverages was 23.4 gallons per year in 1989 in the United States. Future Trends & Strategic Opportunities The predicated growth trend is very positive both in short and long-term projections. In 1988, The National Brewery Association released the Microbrewery Industry 2000 report that forecasted how the industry might look in the year 2000. Some highlights from the panel's findings:  · â€Å"Consumers will spend a greater proportion of their entertainment dollar away from home.  · Independent operators and entrepreneurs will be the main source of new restaurant concepts.  · Environmental concerns will receive increased attention.† Craft brewers are anticipating the stability of a stronger and wiser craft-brewing industry that is already taking shape in 1999 and will continue to strengthen during 2000 and 2001. â€Å"The quality of the average brewpub and the average microbrew on the shelf is continually improving,† says David Edgar, Director of the Institute for Brewing Studies. The Bok Ale House and Brewery will be offering adult beverages with a distinctive image. The Bok Ale House and Brewery menu is small sized, complimentary offering of light appetizers. Our goal is to create the image of a casual, beach atmosphere while serving high quality, hand crafted beers, ales, and lagers. Food production and assembly will take place in the brewhouse of the microbrewery. Malt barley, hops, yeast, and water will be used to create most of the ales and lagers from scratch. The brewmaster will exercise strict standards of sanitation, quality production, and presentation or packaging over the brewery and service staff. The older way of beer making will apply to certain of our products, such as; brewing in smaller batches, forgoing filtration and pasteurization to produce beers that retain more of the flavor and character imparted by yeast during fermentation. The business will produce less than 15,000 barrels per year in order to maintain its status as a microbrewery2. There will be two areas a customer can purchase beverages. They may sit in the sitting area and get full service from a waitperson or can sit at the bar and order directly from the bartender. Either way will benefit the patron with free appetizers and high quality beverages. There is a market segment that prefers to consume this type of beverage at home, although they do not have the time or facilities. There are already mail order companies that provide individuals and families with prepared ales, lagers and do it yourself home brewing kits. This opportunity will be researched and developed on a trial basis. If successful, it could become a major new source of income without creating the need for additional staff or production space. The market for Bok Ale House and Brewery covers a large area of diverse and densely populated groups. Although it will be located in a beach setting, it is an area where people travel to eat out and one that is also frequented by tourists. It is also an area known for and catering to the demographic group we are targeting. Microbreweries and brewpubs have a unique existence in that they produce a beverage of superior quality. This era of legal restrictions on alcohol consumption and the health conscious customer dictate that people are looking to drink less and but drink better . Beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage in America. Americans drink approximately 23 gallons of beer per year. The goal of our brewery is to generate such an existence. There are more flavor profiles in the family of beer than in that of wine, sweet, dry, sour, tart, grainy, bitter, fruity – it's all there. This makes beer not only attractive, but also as a flexible accompaniment to all kinds of food. We will offer beer on tap (small servings of several varieties at a fixed price), which creates a festive atmosphere as well as a conversation piece for our customers The beach and boardwalk area is one of the most desirable retail locations in Atlantic Beach. The Atlantic Beach Chamber of Commerce rates it as the third best retail market in the state. There are more than 200 businesses in a 1/4 square mile area with average sales of $330 per square foot. The customer base will come from three major segments:  · Local population — the city of Atlantic Beach with a year-round population of 123,000 is centrally located on the east coast of North Carolina and is within a 15-minute drive of 8 major suburbs.  · Colleges and Universities – Atlantic Beach has several schools within a 15-mile radius of Atlantic Boulevard and a seasonal population of 90,000.  · Tourism — between hotels, motels, bed & breakfast rooms and inns, there are over 8,500 rooms available. Last year they were at 98% occupancy.  · Local businesses — The City of Atlantic Beach lists over 100 businesses with an average of 12 employees in the Catwalk Pavilion area. According to 1995 industry statistics from the Miller Brewing Company, beer consumption increases during the summer months . The food concept and product image of the Bok Ale House and Brewery will attract two different customer profiles:  · The young adult and young adult student — more and more young people have developed taste for specialty brews.  · Curious and open-minded — â€Å"if you try it, you will like it.† Through marketing, publicity, and word-of-mouth, people will seek out a new experience and learn that specialty brews can be tasty, fun, convenient, and inexpensive. Entry into the market should not be a problem. The store has high visibility with heavy foot traffic all day long. The local residents and students always support new trendy spots and the tourists do not have fixed preferences. In addition, $25,000 has been budgeted for a pre-opening advertising and public relations campaign. Focusing on the unique aspect of the product theme (healthy, tasty foods) a mix of marketing vehicles will be created to convey our presence, our image, and our message:  · Print media — local newspapers, magazines and billboards  · Broadcast media — local programming and special interest shows  · Point of sale – A well-trained staff can increase the average check as well as enhancing the customer†s overall experience. A public relations firm has been retained to create special events and solicit print and broadcast coverage, especially at the start-up. The marketing effort will be split into three phases: 1) Opening — An advanced notice (press packet) sent out by the PR firm to all media and printed announcement ads in key places. Budget – $10,000. An additional $5,000 has been budgeted for a one-day Open House Extravaganza. 2) Ongoing — A flexible campaign (using the above media) assessed regularly for effectiveness. Budget – $10,000 3) Point of sale — A well-trained staff can increase the average check as well as enhancing the customer's overall experience. Word-of-mouth referral is very important in building a customer base. Future plans and Strategic Opportunities Catering after-hours office parties for special occasions and holidays (even outside of our local area) may become a large part of gross sales. At that point, a sales agent would be hired to directly market our products for catered functions. The microbrewery, at 1001 Atlantic Boulevard, is a 2400 Square foot space. It was formerly a restaurant and needs on minor structural modifications. The licenses and codes' issues are all in order. New equipment and bar furnishings will be purchased and installed by the general contractor. Offices of the corporation are presently at Daisy Duck†s home but will be moved to the microbrewery after opening. The microbrewery will be open 7 days a week. Service will begin at 5:00 PM and end at 2:00 AM. The microbrewery will be closed Christmas and Thanksgiving. Employees will be trained, not only in their specific operational duties, including proper sanitation methods, but also in the philosophy and applications of our concept. They will receive extensive information from the brew master and be kept informed of the latest information on microbrewing. A big emphasis is being placed on extensive research into the quality and integrity of our products. Products will constantly be tested for our own high standards of purity. Costs and inventory control will be handled by our computer system and checked daily by management. All products will be prepared on the premises. The brewery will be designed for high standards of sanitary efficiency and cleaned daily. Ingredients will be purchased and stored in large coolers in the basement. Minnie Mouse, President. Minnie is also the manager of another microbrewery. Since 1977, the company has created a high-profile mainstream image for specialty brews. In 1992, the store became so popular and profitable, she decided to expand her horizons and co-own a store of her own. Minnie brings with her a track record of success in the microbrewing industry.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 22

Case study - Essay Example This would be an observational study. Under observational study, there are other sub-types such as case control, cohort, and cross-sectional surveys. Case control is a design that uses two groups (the case and the control) to find out the answers to the research question, for example, in this study, the case are the transgender people (Bowers 75). The aim of the study may be to find out the difference in life experiences. The control would be the normal people. Answers will then be generated from comparing the two groups. Cohort studies involve observing certain characteristics of a specified population or issue over time, for example, determining the cause of a certain disease. Cross-sectional survey is where the researcher collects specific information about a certain group of people within a specific location. This is the best study design for determining the number of people who consider themselves transgender in the United States. A survey will collect information through individual responses. The survey will have a clearly stated aim and what is expected of the respondents. It will have a statement regarding respect for personal privacy. Information received will only be used for statistical purposes and not any other. In the survey, Americans will only be expected to respond to a question about their gender. From their responses, the number of transgender people can be determined (Bowers

PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT - Project Plan Assignment - 1

PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT - Project Plan - Assignment Example The plan includes a project initiation document that explains the objective and the importance of this project. Thereafter a detailed work breakdown structure has been formulated explaining the entire task associated with the project. A staff plan as well as a budget plan has also been drafted in order to explain the management regarding the requirements of the project. A project schedule has also been prepared giving an estimate of the time required to bring the project to its conclusion. The project involves the implementation of various project management tools in order to ensure the feasibility of the project. Table of Contents Project Title 4 Responsibilities of the Project Manager 4 Project plan overview and critical assumptions 4 Project Initiation Document (PID) 4 Objective 5 Stakeholders 7 Internal Stakeholders 7 Work breakdown structure 8 8 Staffing plan 10 Role Requirements 10 Project Schedule 11 Budget plan 11 Quality management plan 12 Risk management plan 12 Communicati on management plans 13 Appendix 17 Project Title Development of customer services department of Shipkart.com Responsibilities of the Project Manager The project manager will be primarily responsible for the completion of the project. The individual working as the project manager will have the responsibility of supervising the project from its initiation phase through to its execution phase and then to its completion phase. The project manager, in close connection with the project sponsor will have to develop the business case. The project manager will be required to develop a feasible project plan that caters to identify the resources that is required for the fulfilment of a particular project. In addition to that the project manager will also manage the completion of the project in accordance with the project team. The individual is also responsible for reporting the status of the project to the higher authorities such as the project sponsor, the project advisory board and the top level management of the company. The individual will also direct his/her attention towards risk management of the project and escalation of issues which are detrimental to the life of the project and cannot be resolved by the project team thereby making sure that the project stays in schedule and is very well within the budget (Project Smart, 2013). Project plan overview and critical assumptions Project Initiation Document (PID) The project initiation document will give a comprehensive overview of the project plan based upon which the project will be authorized and thereafter permitted to progress. The documents will also serve as a foundation on the basis of which the project will be evaluated in terms of the delivery timescales associated with the project as well as the content and quality of the deliverables. In addition to that, the purpose of the project initiation document is to set forth the detail required to successfully carry out and control the project thereby facilitatin g communication between the stakeholders of the project. The project plan is a dynamic and expandable and is henceforth expected to change over time with the availability of more information regarding the project. Objective The

Work-life Balance In The Global Human Resource Management Coursework

Work-life Balance In The Global Human Resource Management - Coursework Example These components are change management, stress management, technology management, leisure management, self management and time management. If any employee’s mental health is sick then the work will be affected. There will not be any kind of outcomes even if the employee works hard. To keep all these factors in mind employers now arrange the work schedule in such a way so that every employee should get some time for their own and personal purpose. The management of many companies also arrange vacation trips for the employees or provide vacation allowances to the employees for enjoying the trip with their families in a relaxed mood. Here in the two mentioned case studies one common sentence can be found. This is ‘the work life balance’. In one case study this is observed that a person’s professional life has been changed after death of her daughter in an accident. Before this accident Mrs. Hughes was involved only in her work and spent most of the time to develop her career path. But after that tragedy she realized that apart from work she has to do something which will be beneficial for the society and through this process she will get mental satisfaction. She began a safety campaign along with her professional work. The main objective of this campaign is to reduce the risk factors at railway crossings. Her campaign got significant success at this work. As per the view of many people this can be said that any incident in personal life will affect the work life also. If there is something wrong with a person then his ability of work will be reduced in a significant way (Kramar and Syed, 2012 ). Personal experience most of the time change the behaviour towards work. Some people do not want to share his personal stories in the work place. That is fine but communication with the peer group apart from work related matter is necessary. This will help to reduce the work load

World Industry. Trade Barriers as measured by the MFN (Most Favored Essay

World Industry. Trade Barriers as measured by the MFN (Most Favored Nation) applied tariff rates - Essay Example Prohibitions on import of these washing machines have the purposes of promotion of competition, health, security, safety, and environmental safety. There are bans put on importing used machineries in many countries and where this ban is not in effect, seriously huge tariffs are imposed on these machinery. The use of tariff concessions and exemptions is simply an industrial policy tool to safeguard a country’s interests. There is a general discrimination when it comes to domestic sales and the excise taxes in terms of discriminating or putting trade barriers to imports and in many cases this has been engineered by the need to protect what is considered local. Countries have been seen to levy import tax and tariff-inclusive prices for goods while carrying out this policy. To the effecting country, this is a benefit derived from controlled international imports, while to those involved in the import trade is quite a heavy burden considering they are in business to make profits an d grow (Gereffi, 2001, pp. 1-5). Barriers to international trade for clothes washing machines include requirements for registration and bureaucratic documentations; tariffs; the customs valuation, imposition of minimum prices for imports and the requirements of pre-shipment inspections; other levies, taxes and various charges including domestic taxes; prohibitions slapped on imports, restrictions, issues of licensing and quotas imposed on imports; some contingency measures imposed to control market panic; and the various standards and technical requirements most of which are never met by even the local producers (Francois, et al., 2000, pp.2-58). It is thought that when we have a uniform sort of tariff structure for washing machines, it is better than having considerable dispersion where large tariffs peaks and troughs are experienced in different countries. This is because the economic inefficiency or welfare costs do increase in a tariff regime with the degree of a given dispersio n. This has been attributed to the fact that we have a considerable weight loss which increases to a larger extent than does the increase in the tariff rates. Another argument posed is that washing machines having a uniform tariff structure get a very strong support coming from a political economy given that such uniform tariffs are easier to handle and of course more transparent than the non-uniform tariff rates. This could be due to the fact that the political power influence from conflicting groups is drastically reduced. This has a lot to do with the fact that uniform tariff rates require cross-industrial consensus and are less likely to get escalated as compared to the non-uniform ones (Fleisher & Bensoussan, 2010, pp.8-156). The data in tables 1 to 10 below show tariff rates and their averages across the world as investigated by WTO on MFN for clothes washing machines (WTO, 2010). Average duties, minimum average duty, maximum average duty and mean of such averages has been cal culated and tabulated as per every year for the duration of 10 years starting from 2001 to 2010. Table 1: 2001 World tariff rates tabulations for top-loading and front loading-type washing machines, of a dry linen capacity > 10 kg Count Country Binding Year Number of TL Number of AV duties Average of AV Duties Minimum AV Duty Maximum AV Duty Duty Free TL (%) Number of Non-AV Duty 1 Egypt MFN 2001 HS96 845020 1 1 40.0 40 40 0.0 0 2 India MFN 2001 HS96 845020 1 1 35.0 35 35 0.0 0 3 Pakistan MFN 2001 HS96 845020 1 1 30.0 30 30 0.0 0 4 Jordan MFN 2001 HS96 845020 1 1 30.0 30 30 0.0 0 5 Zimbabwe MFN 2001 HS96 845020 2 2 22.5 5 40 0.0 0 6 Zambia MFN 2001 HS96 8

A Critique on Project Stage-Gating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Critique on Project Stage-Gating - Essay Example The article strongly suggested that project stage-gating which continuously evaluates the viability, usefulness, and gains from a project through different development and implementation stages is required to efficiently "stop a project which should not continue." Vanderslius also put forward useful guidelines which should not be overlooked in a stage-gating project such as clear definitions of phases, documented set of deliverables, gates staffed with an odd numbered committee rather than an individual, and "setting 'out of bounds.'" My choice of this article is simple enough. The project stage-gating article must be read because I believe that the article is very useful in the decision-making process handled by every project manager. Project stage-gating is interesting as it tackles some issues which are often taken for granted when starting an innovative project. Over the past years, a large number of IT projects initialized had failed. Somebody can just imagine the total amount of time, labor, materials, and expenditures wasted for all these projects. I believe that Vanderslius' main point in endorsing stage-gating is to save on resources which can be channeled to other more profitable ventures. I agree with him that project stage-gating can be an option in order to allocate company resources more efficiently. The "gates" needed to be passed by any project serves as a screening procedure that eliminates less viable and unprofitable projects.

Myself as a Psychology Instructor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Myself as a Psychology Instructor - Essay Example Forensic Psychology is a rapidly changing field where new research and discoveries continually reshape our knowledge. Teaching Forensic Psychology would allow me to remain involved with the latest methods and procedures while allowing me the freedom to evaluate them on their own merits. Teaching would require me, as an instructor, to commit to my own ongoing education in this area and in doing so I would become a better Forensic Psychologist. It would be a challenge to use my knowledge of Psychology in the classroom to gain insight into the students and improve teaching methods. Teaching methods can also be aided by becoming an instructor in the field of Early Childhood Education. I find that the cognitive processes that children experience when learning is a fascinating subject, and would enjoy focusing on this area. Children are especially vulnerable to education during their formative years. Research is difficult and the results can often be surprising. It is not only an interesting field to me, it is also important that our children begin their educational experience based on the best methods available.

The problem solution of rmg Essay Example for Free

The problem solution of rmg Essay Submitted to Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University Dhaka In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in Governance and Development (MAGD) Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh November 2010 Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. I authorize the Institute of Governance Studies (IGS) and BRAC University to lend this thesis to other Institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research only. I further authorize the IGS and BRAC University to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions for the purpose of scholarly research. Urmi Tamanna ID-07272026 MAGD Batch-2 IGS, BRAC University i Acknowledgement All praise and gratitude to Allah (The alone we worship, the alone we ask for Help). This is matter of challenge and enjoyment to do a research work in a supportive academic environment like IGS and BRAC University. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere respect to my supervisor Professor Iftekhar Ghani Chowdhury for his valuable guidance and unparallel support which makes me confident to work on this challenging issue. I had full support from my family; my husband, Insha and Taasin, Father, Mother, Sister and Brother. I also got tremendous support from Raihan and my other batch mates (BCS 21st and MAGD). I would thank Netherlands Government and BRAC University to study in the MAGD programme. Finally I show my sincere obligation and respect to the people of Bangladesh and the Ministry of Finance on behalf of Government of Bangladesh to allow me to study in this beautiful place and academic zone. ii Table of Contents Page No. Declaration I Acknowledgement II Table of Contents III-IV Abbreviation V Abstract VI Chapter One- Introduction 1-16 1. 1 Historical Development of Labor Law in Bangladesh 1 1. 2 Present Situation 2 1. 3 Worker’s Rights Situation 3 1. 4 Lack of Union’s Legal Advisory System 3 1. 5 Professional Legal Support is Costly 3 1. 6 New Labor Code 4 1. 7 The Functions of Labor Union 4 1. 8 Labor Union in Bangladesh 5 1. 9 Industrial Relations Act, 2004 6 1. 10 Labor Union Activities in Bangladesh 7 1. 11 Trade Union Activities in RMG Sector 8 1. 12 Labor Union in EPZ Units 10 1. 13 The Situation during Caretaker Government 10 1. 14 ILO Directives 11 1. 15 Rationale of the Study 13 1. 16 Background of the Research 13 1. 17 Objective of this Research Work 14 1. 17 (a) Research Question 14 1. 17 (b) Hypothesis 14 1. 18 Methodology 14 1. 19 Sources of Data 14 1. 20 Analytical Tools Used 15 1. 21 Sample Size and Structure 15 1. 22 Limitations 16 1. 23 Structure of the Study 16 iii Chapter Two- Labor Outburst in RMG Sector of Bangladesh 17-21 2. 1Various incidence of labor unrest 17 2. 2 Small Beginnings of a Mass Revolt 17 2. 3 Containing Riots in the RMG Sector 2. 4 Conclusion 19 20 Chapter Three – Literature Review 22-28 3. 2 Grievance of labor was the centre of the labor unrest 22 3. 3 Agreements with Garment Workers not honored 24 3. 4 Non implementation of minimum wage 25 3. 5 Lack of tolerance of the labor was reason behind that unrest 25 3. 6 Other interest Parties 26 3. 7 Labor legislation and labor unrest 26 3. 8 Unions and workers 27 3. 9 Issue which is not addressed 27 3. 10 Questionnaire 27 3. 11 Conclusion 28 Chapter Four Stakeholders’ perception regarding labor union 29-39 4. 2 Issues that are Addressed in Questionnaire 29 4. 3 Overall Response 29 4. 6 Response of respondents from unaffected garment industries 33 4. 8 Response of respondents from affected garment industries Where Labor was Occurred 4. 9 Conclusion Chapter Five- Findings and Conclusion 36 39 40-43 5. 2 Lesson Learned 43 5. 3 Further Research 43 Reference 44 Appendix One –Questionnaire 45 Appendix Two-– Brief scenario of RMG sector of Bangladesh 46-50 iv ABBREVIATIONS BEA Bangladesh Economic Association BGMEA Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association BILS Bangladesh Institute of Labor Studies FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product LU Labour Union MFA Multi-Fibre Arrangement RMG Ready Made Garments EPZ Export Processing Zone v ABSTRACT Readymade Garments (RMG) is the main foreign exchange earning sector of Bangladesh. At the same time this labor intensive sector is very important to address the demands of occupation of a huge population. Reputation of this sector is high which underpins the success of this sector. But in recent times the growth and existence of this sector came under threat when this sector faced severe labor unrest. Due to the labor unrest there has been huge loss of production, and some of the factories were ruined by protesters, several laborers were killed, and lot of labors were injured and arrested. It is said that there were legitimate demand of the laborers which should have been addressed by the owners. But these demands were not addressed which created the grievance of the laborers. In course of time these grievance bolstered the unrest. On the other hand, some laborers were not sincere and honest to their job and responsibilities. These laborers involved themselves in the destruction of their own industries. While most of the researchers addressed the reasons of that unrest, in this research the probable solution of that problem has been addressed by collecting stakeholders’ perceptions through questionnaires. It has been found that to address the grievances and to consider the limitations of the financial capacity of the owners a bridging mechanism, labor union, between laborers and owner is needed. Moreover, it was found that most of the respondents think that labor union can be used as a tool to mitigate the risks of labor unrest in RMG sector of Bangladesh. vi Labor Unrest in Bangladesh RMG Sector: Does Active Labor Union Reduce the Risk of Labor Unrest in RMG Sector? A Dissertation by Urmi Tamanna ID-07272026 MAGD Batch-2 Approved as to Style and Contents By Professor Iftekhar Ghani Chowdhury Supervisor Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh November 2010 Labor Unrest in Bangladesh RMG Sector: Does active labor union reduce the risk of labor unrest in RMG sector? Chapter-One Introduction Introduction The readymade garments (RMG) sector, the single biggest foreign exchange earner in Bangladesh has come a long way in last two decades. The industry has crossed many hurdles to stay competitive. It has proved many predictions futile and wrong and competes fiercely even after the abolition of quotas under Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) in the North American market and special market entry to European markets. The credit for that achievement goes primarily to the entrepreneurs and the laborers. But the relationship between these two major contributors has come into question and the industry is under severe pressure because of labor unrest. After the labor unrest of 2006 in several RMG units, the sector sustained a loss to the tune of US$60 million, Khan, S. (2007). The fact remains that trade unionism is virtually absent in the garments sector and when responsible labor movement is not given any chance, the consequence is indiscipline and chaos leading to a situation where the mob takes over. So the notion of the absence of labor unionism in the garments in most of the industries as a reason for widespread violence needs more research to reveal the reasons behind and offer possible policy solutions to the crisis. 1. 1 Historical development of Labor Law In Bangladesh In British-India industrialization paved its way during the last part of eighteenth century. Workers condition of work, environment was worst. That time the few labor laws existed in the sub-continent was not enough to protect the rights of the working people. Most of the labour laws we have inherited from British-India and Pakistani period. First labor law came in this subcontinent was Workers Compensation Act, 1923. Workers got their Trade Union rights after a long struggle under Trade Union Act, 1926. At the time of Pakistani period 2 separate laws was there, Trade Union Act ; Industrial Dispute Settlement Act, these 2 laws merge into Industrial Relation Ordinance, 1969. Major labor laws enacted in the year 1965, such as Factories Act, Shops ; Establishment Act, Employment of Labour (SO) Act. Later on, so many amendments made on labor laws. Moreover, separate rules were also enacted for 1 better implementation of the law. Bangladesh government set up a separate Inspection Authority to supervise and monitor the implementation of labor laws. 1. 2 Present situation Our labor laws are presently scattered in different statutes. In other words, labour laws are yet to be codified. The necessity of such codification had been felt by many since long. Besides, the existing labor laws suffer from some inherent flaws and require to be updated to meet the present demand of proper dispensation of justice. Actually we inherited the laws and the legal system of our country from British-India. The British enacted laws to primarily suit their colonial purpose. Now ours is liberated country and its outlook and demand have changed drastically. Therefore either the existing laws should be adequately amended or new laws be enacted, suiting the present demand of the society. Out of 44 statutes of our labor laws 2 are from the nineteenth century and another 13 from the between the beginning of twentieth century and the partition of the sub-continent in 1947. Another 23 statutes were enacted during the Pakistan period (1947-1971), the reset i. e. , six statutes have been enacted since liberation. These scattered laws need to be unified. Keeping this in view in 1992 a National Labour Law Commission was formed. The Commission opted for recommending the enactment of a Labour Code. The successions for a Labour Code, however, seem to have been shelved, at least for the time being. Nevertheless, occasional attempts have been undertaken to revive interest in the proposed Labour Code. The National Trade Union Leaders of the Labour Law Review Committee was reconstituted in August 1998. Earlier the International Labour Organization-ILO office in Bangladesh also submitted its comments on the Draft Labour Code prepared by the Commission. 7-member review committee has been formed by the government to re-asses the proposed Draft Labour Code. However, after the emergence of the new state of Bangladesh, no such initiative has ever been taken by any of the successive governments and the issue has always been given back seat by them. Surprisingly, the new recommended Labour Code, 1994 of the National Labour Law Commission is still awaiting governments approval and subsequent enactment. Without a complete Labour Code, to end the violation of workers rights will remain a far cry. 2 1. 3 Workers rights situation Workers rights are highly violated in the country. Mass people are not aware of the rights of working people. Even the policy makers are not that much concerned. Civil society shows negligence towards the rights of the workers. The Constitution of the country guarantees rights to organize but unfortunately there are so many restrictions to form and join Trade Union in several types of industries and areas i. e. Govt. Employees, Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Rural Electrification Board, and all types of security and confidential staffs, Security Printing Press, employees of education/research institutions, hospitals and clinics, NGOs, Army, Police etc. To meet the end of these violation and deprivation awareness should be raised among the workers themselves. Labor Union activists should be given more knowledge and power to build their capacity in collective bargaining and motivational activity. 1. 4 Lack of unions legal advisory system Due to multiplicity, in house union system, political tailing and lack of one single National Trade Centre, trade unions becoming weak day by day. Membership dues collection for union and rate of dues are very small size. Due to financial inability members are not getting so many services from the union. One of important service they required is to get legal advice at the time of facing grievance handling, preparing court cases, protection of their rights etc. At present union has no such legal advisory system. Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies (BILS) can provide such services by establishing a small legal cell. 1. 5 Professional legal support is costly Legal advice and legal support is always a costly service not only in Bangladesh but almost anywhere in the world. Workers income rate are very poor, their social security scheme are also weak. Working class are always facing serious problem when they get some problem on their job. Workers jobs are always on risk. The employers have so much power to terminate 3 the job of workers. To face the legal court cases professional lawyers services they need but their services are very costly. Workers have no ability to pay for that. 1. 6 New Labor Code The country’s constitution guaranteed all the fundamental rights of the citizen and every body are equal in the eye of law, irrespective of color, sex, class, profession and religion. Bangladesh is a member of ILO since 1972 and obtained membership of the UN in 1974. Though it has ratified 7 out of 8 core ILO Conventions the employers are use to ignoring the law. Most of the ratified ILO conventions are not fully implemented. The present labour law of the country should be updated; a complete labour code should be passed. A step was taken in this regard in 1994 and a labor code was proposed. Trade Union federations of the country made their recommendations and suggestions to make the code a complete document for protecting workers rights, but the government is still to pass the code. [BILS 2005] 1. 7 The functions of Labor Union A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers who band together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions, forming a cartel of labor. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. The agreements negotiated by the union leaders are binding on the rank and file members and the employer and in some cases on other non-member workers. These organizations may comprise individual workers, professionals, past workers, or the unemployed. The most common, but by no means only, purpose of these organizations is maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment Over the last three hundred years, many trade unions have developed into a number of forms, influenced by differing political and economic regimes. The immediate objectives and activities of trade unions vary and include: 4 †¢ Provision of benefits to members: Early trade unions, like Friendly Societies, often provided a range of benefits to insure members against unemployment, ill health, old age and funeral expenses. In many developed countries, these functions have been assumed by the state; however, the provision of professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership. †¢ Collective bargaining: Where trade unions are able to operate openly and are recognized by employers, they may negotiate with employers over wages and working conditions. †¢ Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. †¢ Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favorable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties (such as the Labour Party in Britain) for public office. (wikipedia) 1. 8 Labor Union in Bangladesh The Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 [Ordinance XXIII of 1969] [13th November, 1969] This ordinance is about formation of trade unions, the regulation of relations between employers and workmen and the avoidance and settlement of any differences or disputes arising between them or matters connected therewith. Certain related sections are depicted below. Sec 2(v): â€Å" Collective bargaining agent † in relation to an establishment or industry, means the trade union of workmen which, under section 22, is the agent of the workmen in the establishment or, as the case may be, industry, in the matter of collective bargaining; Sec 2(xiii): â€Å" Industrial Dispute† means any dispute or difference between employers and employers or between employers and workmen or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non employment or the terms of employment or the conditions of work of any person; 5 Sec 2(xxiv): â€Å"Settlement† means a settlement arrived at in the course of conciliation proceeding, and includes an agreement between an employer and his workmen arrived at otherwise than in the course of any conciliation proceeding, where such agreement is in writing, has been signed by the parties thereto in such manner as may be prescribed and a copy thereto in such manner as may be prescribed and a copy thereof has been sent to the Government, the Conciliator and such other person as may be prescribed; Sec 2(xxvi): â€Å"Trade Union† means any combination of workmen or employers formed primarily for the purpose of regulating the relations between workmen and employers, or for imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct or any trade or business and includes a federation of two or more trade unions; Sec 3: Trade unions and freedom of association. Subject to the provisions contained in this Ordinancea) Workers, without distinction whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the Rules of the organization concerned, to join associations of their own choosing without previous authorization; b) Employers, without distinct whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the Rules of the organization concerned, to join associations of their own choosing without previous authorization; c) Trade unions and employers’ associations shall have the right to draw up their constitutions and rules, to elect their representatives in full freedom, to organize their administration and activities and to formulate their programmes; d) Workers’ and employers’ organizations shall have the right to establish and join federations and confederations and any such organization, federation or confederation shall have the right to affiliate with international organizations and confederations of workers’ and employers’ organization; [Khan, 2006 p. p155-162] 1. 9 Industrial Relations Act, 2004 [Act no. 23 of 2004] [4th September, 2004] This Act made provisions for recognizing the right of the workers to form association, regulation of relations and settlement of differences or disputes arising between employers 6 and workers in Export Processing Zones and for matters connected therewith. Certain related sections are depicted below. Sec 5: Workers representation and welfare committee. – (1) After commencement of this Act, the Executive Chairman or any officer authorized by him in that behalf, shall require the employer and the workers in an industrial unit in a zone to constitute, in prescribed manner, a Workers Representation and Welfare Committee, hereinafter referred to as the committee. Sec 11: Duration and cessation of committee. – (1) A committee constituted in a Zone shall be in existence till October 31, 2006 Sec 13: Formation of Workers Association. (1) With expiry of October 31, 2006 and beginning of November 1, 2006, the workers in an industrial unit situated within the territorial limits of a Zone shall have the right to form association to engage in industrial relations subject to the provisions made by or under this Act. [Khan, 2006 p. p497-506] 1. 10 Labor union activities in Bangladesh The trade unions are very strong in Bangladesh, although only 3. 5 percent of the workforce is unionized, but most of the unions are limited to the public sector or state-controlled enterprises. According to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), there are a total of 23 national trade union centers in Bangladesh and approximately 5,450 trade unions. The largest of these are the Bangladesh Jatio Sramik League (BJSL); the Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Sramik Dal (BJSD); the Jatiya Sramik Party (JSP); the Bangladesh Free Trade Union Congress (BFTUC); and the Jatio Sramik League (JSL). These bodies are organized together in the ICFTU Bangladesh Council. About 1. 8 million of the countrys workers belong to unions, out of a total workforce of approximately 58 million. The unions tend to have strong links to major political parties or are controlled by political figures, and they often lead political action and strikes in the country. Strikes are extremely common in Bangladesh and can paralyze business activities for weeks. The private sector is less unionized and trade unions are practically banned from the Export Processing Zones (EPZ) until 2008, as the EPZ is exempted from certain labor laws. In case of industrial dispute the problems are supposed to be solved through the Labor Tribunal. 7 Unlike many Middle Eastern countries, women in Bangladesh enjoy considerable freedom and are generally involved in education and labor, although the employment and literacy rates among them generally are lower than among men. Recent surges in the garment industry brought new employment opportunities for women, as around 95 percent of people employed in this sector are women. However, in the rural areas the women very often are disadvantaged and among the poorer members of the communities. Currently, more than 37 percent of the labor force is women. However, unionization among women, and hence the protection of their rights, is generally lower than among men. [National Economies Encyclopedia] 1. 11 Trade union activities in RMG sector Trade Union movement in garments sector is very weak. Even it is weaker than the other sectors. There are 8 country wide registered trade union federations. There are 9 federations registered as division based. Another 5 registered federations are combined with Jute, Textile and leather Sector. Apart from these, there are 6 unregistered federations in this sector. There are 3 alliances in the garment sector. These are: 1. Bangladesh Garments Workers Unity Council. 2. Bangladesh Garments Workers and Employees Unity Council. 3. B. N. C. C. (Bangladesh Coordinating Committee, affiliated with (ITGLWF). Main reason of the weakness of trade union movement of garment sector in Bangladesh are: 1. Disunity and division of organizations. 2. Unlimited and long working hours. 3. Absence of Job security. 4. Migration from factory to factory. 5. Absence of weekly holiday and other holidays. 6. Majority of women. 7. State policy. 8. Elite class ownership. 9. Low wage. 10. Unemployment of the country. Though there were 16 unions representing garment workers in January 2006, according to the Democratic Workers Party the level of unionization among workers was very low. Where unions were involved, they act more like extortionists, taking money from management to keep the employees in line while at the same time collecting dues from their members, with whom they had virtually no contact. Most of the unions had direct or indirect links with local and foreign NGOs, and receiving lucrative grants seems to be their main goal. [July 14th, 2006 by Libcom] Most of the trade unions appeared to be tools of one or other of the political parties, strikes being used more as vehicles for pursuing political goals against rival parties than improving 8 workers conditions. The Nation Garment Workers Federation apparently is an exception to this, being a more grass-roots organization, closer to an expression of workers selforganization emerging from their own struggles. It would be too easy and simplistic to apply critiques of modern western business unions to such an organisation. 11 years ago the NGWF was an organisation with 3 workers paid a basic garment workers wage operating out of a shed in a workers slum. Working in conditions more similar for workers in Europe a century or two ago, basic organization for defence and improvement of working conditions is a matter, sometimes, of whether one starves or not. With rapid large-scale proletarianisation of rural workers in many parts of Asia (China, India etc) struggles for unionization are likely to follow. Though organising trade unions were banned by employers in the EPZs, this has changed, as one of the concessions won by the revolt. This is anyway a convenient concession for the owners; a Bill was introduced into the US Senate which, if passed, would ban all imports produced in sweatshops. This is a form of US trade protectionism and corporate image management expressed as concern for workers conditions. The Bill would penalise Bangladesh, Jordan etc and Americas big rival China in, for example, the garment industry, by attempting to undercut their present advantage of cheaper labour costs. the Greater Los Angeles area has surpassed the New York area as the center of the North American garment industry. Home to more than 1,000 manufacturers who employ an estimated 90,000 workers, most of them immigrant, the garment and related industries account for as much as 10 percent of Los Angeles economy, according to Sweatshop Slaves. Nearly one in five local employees today work in the garment industry, making it Los Angeles leading manufacturing sector. (Review of Sweatshop Slaves: Asian Americans in the Garment Industry, Various, 2006. ) As well as the dire conditions of employment, the low level of unionism is one likely reason for the ferocity of the workers response. When it erupts, unmediated class war is generally conducted more brutally on both sides. The Bangladesh state finally realised this when it brought in union officials to mediate and negotiate an end to the rebellion. In the long term, union representation is usually granted by the bosses as a necessary safety valve mechanism and tool of management for the stability of the production process. [Libcom 2006] 9 1. 12 Labor Union in EPZ units Labor union was banned from EPZ units until 2008. For the first time in the country, 69 industrial units in Dhaka and Chittagong export processing zones (EPZ) have introduced workers’ associations on the basis of referendums by workers. At the same time, workers of 22 industrial units have voted for not having any trade union body for themselves for yet another year. The referendums on having workers’ associations were held from January to the middle of this month. There are 124 more â€Å"eligible† industrial units in these two EPZs which will have to hold their referendums by 2010 as per a decision of Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) on the basis of a 2004 act on allowing trade union activities. Although referendums are supposed to be held without any external influence and spontaneously by the workers, BEPZA is putting pressure on the industry owners to hold them as soon as possible. American labour group that has been pushing hard for implementing trade union rights at the EPZs has mounted pressure on the government to have the associations as soon as possible. The factories at the EPZs on an average pay 40 percent more than the factories outside the EPZs. Yet during last year’s unrest, some of the best paying factories in the EPZs came under attack by their own workers. Owners of these factories and law enforcement agencies have said this unrest was prompted by outsiders for their petty gains. Although the referendums are supposed to be held without any external influence and spontaneously by the workers, the Bepza is putting pressure on the industry owners to hold the referendums as soon as possible. The president of Bangladesh Readymade Garments Labour Federation, said, â€Å"Lack of proper monitoring by the government, lack of sincerity of the owners and ignorance of workers of most factories are not complying with the law. †[bangladeshnews. com. bd, 23 March 2008] 1. 13 The situation during caretaker government Garments are Bangladesh’s main export, and have been a major contributor to the country’s economic growth in recent years. The industry has also been important in creating jobs for women. â€Å"International companies that source garments in Bangladesh should insist that the Bangladeshi government end harassment of labor rights activists,† said Adams. â€Å"They should make it clear that labor organizing and activism is part of the deal when operating in the 10 world economic system and that they will not accept it if activists are jailed, intimidated or harassed by the authorities. † Bangladesh has been under a state of emergency since January 11, 2007. The emergency rules have placed serious limits on civil and political rights, and have severely diluted constitutional protections of individual rights. In a letter to the government dated August 1, 2007, Human Rights Watch called for the lifting of the state of emergency. Emergency Power Rules of January 25, 2007 prohibits processions, meetings, assemblies and trade union activities. â€Å"The interim government is abusing its emergency powers to target individuals who are trying to protect workers’ rights in Bangladesh’s most important export industry,† said Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch on the backdrop of the arrest of Mehedi Hasan of the Worker Rights Consortium (WRC) on January 24, 2008. He was arrested and detained by National Security Intelligence in Dhaka. His arrest is believed to be directly linked to the labor rights monitoring that he carried out for WRC, a nongovernmental organization that investigates labor practices at apparel factories, largely on behalf of US colleges and universities. Hasan is being held for violating Articles 3 and 4(1) of the Emergency Power Rules of January 25, 2007. In recent days, the authorities have invoked Emergency Power Rules and have filed criminal cases against dozens of trade union members, including leaders of the Bangladesh Independent Garment Workers’ Union Federation. Many other labor rights activists have complained to Human Rights Watch about being threatened and being under constant surveillance. According to police sources, a number of international organizations and their staff members are currently being monitored for allegedly engineering or inciting subversive activities within the garment industry. 1. 14 ILO Directives The International Labour Organisation rapped Bangladesh for its continuing failure to provide full trade union freedoms in the country and for permitting serious violations of ILO Conventions both in law and in practice. In particular, it deplored the obstacles to the establishment of unions in Export Processing Zones and the arrest and harassment of union leaders and activists in the garment sector. 11 And the ILO’s Committee on the Application of Standards singled out Bangladesh for special attention expressing concern over the escalation of industrial violence stressing that freedom of association could only be exercised in a climate that was free from violence, pressure or threats of any kind against trade union leaders and members. The Committee demanded that the Bangladesh Government take measures for the amendment of the Labour Act and the EPZ Workers Associations and Industrial Relations Act so as to bring them into full conformity with the provisions of ILO Convention 87 which Bangladesh has ratified and is duty-bound to observe. The ILO called upon the Bangladesh Government to ensure that all workers were fully guaranteed the protection of the Convention and demanded that the nece

Eating Disorders Essay Example for Free

Eating Disorders Essay Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the three main types of eating disorders. Central Idea: To inform my audience about anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. Introduction: Two years ago, I was hit with the news that my mentor was leaving to go to Remuda Ranch, which I learned was a rehabilitation center for women struggling with eating or anxiety disorders. This was extremely hard for me to hear because she is like my big sister and I care a lot about her and hated that she had to go through something like this. After she left, I did a lot of research on eating disorders. I did this just so I would have a better understanding on what she was going through, and also to find out how I could help her, things I could say or do. So today I am going to share with you about three different types of eating disorders. Body: (Transition: First, I am going to talk about Anorexia Nervosa.) I. According to the National Eating Disorder Association, they define anorexia by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. A. Anorexia is a mental health condition and is rated one of the highest death rates. 1. Anorexia is one of the more frequent psychiatric diagnoses in young women. 2. Around 90-95% of individuals who suffer from anorexia are female. 3. Anywhere from 5-20% of people who suffer from anorexia will die. B. Although those who fight anorexia have a list of different symptoms, there are four key ones to look for. 1. They refuse to maintain body weight at a minimal normal weight that is healthy for their body shape, age, and height. 2. The second one is that they have a deep fear of weight gain. 3. Also, they have a severe concern with their body weight and shape. 4. Finally, in women, a loss of menstrual periods will occur. (Transition:  Next, I am going to talk about Bulimia.) II. Based off of the website, nationaleatingdisorder.com, Bulimia is a disorder where a person indulges in habitual binges and then tries to avert any sort of weight gain by vomiting, taking pills, fasting, laxatives, or excessive exercising. A. Bulimia is extremely dangerous because it is one of the harder eating disorders to detect in individuals. 1. More commonly, it is preceded by dieting behavior. 2. Those who are bulimic are usually at an average or normal weight. B. Sufferers of bulimia compare their self-worth too heavily on their size and weight. 1. This mindset usually leads to constant feelings of isolation, harmful thoughts, and extreme low self-esteem. 2. Another thing is that more often than not, they recognize that their behaviors and actions are not normal, which sets in an extra feeling of guilt and loneliness. C. Again, there are a ton of symptoms that follow up with having bulimia, but there are four main ones that usually reside in most bulimics. 1. Bulimics repeatedly go through the cycle of bingeing and purging. 2. When they binge, they eat way beyond the feeling of being comfortably full. 3. Most times, bingeing will cause them to feel guilty which points them in the direction of dieting. 4. Last thing is again, they have extreme concern with their body and weight, in other words really low self-esteem and insecurity issues. (Transition: Finally, I am going to end with Binge eating.) III. Binge eating, also known as compulsive eating, a lot of the time gets confused with Bulimia. Although they are a lot alike, they have one major difference that sets them apart. People who endure binge eating do not purge. A. Binge eating is defined by uncontrollable, excessive eating. 1. Binge eaters often use food to replace a void, in other words, they use it as a way to block out feelings, emotions, and daily stresses. 2. After a binge, the person feels a enormous amount of guilt and shame. 3. Following the feelings of guilt and shame often leads to fasts and dieting. B. A binge eating disorder isn’t caused by just one factor, but many. A couple examples of these factors could be a person’s genetics, life experiences, and emotions. 1. Recent research has shown that binge eating, along with other eating disorders, is dealing with  biological abnormalities. The website www.mirror-mirro.com, says that one cause of binge eating is related to the hypothalamus, which is a part of the brain that controls the appetite. It is said that the hypothalamus sends false signals to the brain in regards to hunger. 2. A lot of the time, emotional feelings of depression, is connected to binge eating. Statistics show that half of those struggling with binge eating are depressed or have been, usually dealing with a monumental moment which changed their life. 3. Life changing experiences, like being sexually or emotionally abused, are a huge factor in anyone’s life who suffers from any kind of an eating disorder. Family plays a huge role, whether being extremely critical, especially regarding the body, can lead to being a victim of an eating disorder later in life. IV. Conclusion Whether it be anorexia, bulimia, or binge eating, eight million people in the United States alone, battle with an eating disorder. This number is disturbingly high and continues to increase each year. Although all different: anorexics fight starvation, bulimics wrestle with bingeing and purging, and binge eaters battle with bingeing and fasting. It is important to realize that eating disorders aren’t all about poor self-images and low self esteem, but dealing with many other factors like genetic make-up and the need for control. Works Cited Eating Disorder Information; Bulimia, Anorexia, Binge/Purge Compulsive Overeating. Web. 01 Oct. 2010. http://www.myeatingdisorder.com/myeatingdisorder/index.asp. National Eating Disorders Association. Web. 01 Oct. 2010. http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/. National Eating Disorders Association. Web. 01 Oct. 2010. http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/information-resources/general-information.php#causes-eating-disorders.

Attitudes Towards Euthanasia | Literature Review

Attitudes Towards Euthanasia | Literature Review Introduction This literature review is based upon peoples attitudes towards Euthanasia, which comes from the Greek meaning good death and in English means the killing of one person by another to relieve the suffering of that person and Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS), which is described as; a medical professional aiding a person who is incapable of the act themselves to commit suicide, (NHS, 2010). For this literature review, a literature search was performed using the Cochrane library, Science Direct, EBSCOhost and Sage using the key words: Assisted suicide Euthanasia Opinions Attitude United Kingdom Public Right to Die Assisted Dying Most of these words (with the exception of Assisted Suicide and Assisted Dying) were used in each of the search engines individually and also used to form sentences, however, the only electronic databases that gave this search the information it required was Sage. This provided a substantial amount of journals, a lot of the others used were subscription based or a fee was required, but from the free to use information two of the most relevant to the subject I wished to perform the review on were chosen. The two papers were chosen from surveys and studies performed in the United Kingdom, because it was decided to research what the thoughts and feelings of medical professionals were in a place where this practice was presently illegal. Use in the literature search, but this was difficult to come by. The titles of the three journals are: Legalisation of Euthanasia or Physician Assisted Suicide: Survey of Doctors Attitudes, and Opinions of the Legalised of Physician Assisted Suicide. Des pite not inputting the word physician into the search engine, a lot of the searches came up with types of journals which mention this anyway. This review will critically evaluate the information in the journals and will be compared with each other, discussing the disadvantages of the surveys and the advantages. The review will also include the various research methods used in the research. The Literature Review The first paper reviewed is in English by Clive Seale, PhD, from the Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London and is called The legalisation of Euthanasia or Physician-Assisted Suicide: Survey of Doctors Attitudes. The protocol was to determine what doctors opinions about the legalisation of medically assisted dying (which includes the terms, euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS)) were and this was done in comparison with the opinions of the general public of the UK. The methodology was to send out structured questionnaires with a series of questions using qualitative methods and then analyse the results in a quantitative manner. In 2007, Binleys database (http://www.binleys.com) was used to send questionnaires to 8857 currently working medical practitioners all over the UK, this was broken down into 2829 (7%) GPs, 443 (43%) neurologists, 836 (21% of these were doctors) specialists in the care of the elderly, 462 (54% of thes e were also doctors) specialists in palliative medicine and 4287 workers in other hospital based specialities. This is quite a large sample to use and covers a wide range of specialities. It is not clear in what month in 2007 these questionnaires were sent out but follow-up letters were sent to non-respondents between November 2007 and April 2008 to enquire as to why they did not respond, in which 66 doctors in all responded with the most common reason being lack of time to complete the survey. Overall the response rate was 42.1% with specialists in palliative medicine being the most responsive with 67.3% of people returning their questionnaire, along with specialists in the care of the elderly (48.1%) neurologists (42.9%) other hospital specialties (40.1%) and GPs (39.3%). Despite the large sample of people, 42.1% of replies are quite disappointing, although it is a very emotive subject. The questions consisted of personal questions such as age, gender, grade, ethnic origin, and speciality of the respondent and, on average, the number of deaths attended. They were all asked four questions about their attitude towards euthanasia and assisted suicide, in order to obtain the questionnaire in full the author of the survey invited people to contact him. An email was sent: Appendix (a) and a reply was received the next day: Appendix (b). Previous surveys regarding this subject were performed in the Netherlands, Oregon (USA) and Belgium majority support from the medical profession has been important in passing permissive legislation in these countries. The keywords used in this study were assisted dying; euthanasia; physician-assisted suicide; right to die and terminal care. The distribution of questionnaires meant that the methodology used was right as it was discreet and reached a lot of people in a short amount of time, the only danger with this method was that the medical professionals did not have to respond which was shown in the return response of 42.1% there was no financial or other incentive as this would go against all ethical considerations. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the South East Research Ethics Committee. The results showed that those who were specialists in palliative medicine were more opposed to euthanasia or PAS being legalised than the other specialities, although this could be down to the higher response rate in this area. Those that expressed their religious beliefs were more opposed to the legalisation also. The study showed that the most widely held view was that British doctors do not s upport legalising assisted dying in either euthanasia or PAS; this differs from the British Social Attitudes (BSA) survey which has tracked changes in public opinion since 1984, and is the most consistent source of data (http://www.britsocat.com). The second paper reviewed is Survey of doctors opinions of the legalisation of physician assisted suicide by William Lee, Annabel Price, Lauren Rayner and Matthew Hotopf from the Institute of Psychiatry. Kings College, London. The protocol is similar to the first paper in that they were looking at practitioners opinions on euthanasia and PAS. The article begins by saying that there is wide support among the general public for assisted dying but not so much for those who care for the dying. The methodology was to send out a postal survey of a 1000 senior consultants and medical practitioners were selected randomly from the commercially available Informa Healthcare Medical Directory (2005/2006), retired doctors were excluded from the survey. Questionnaire were sent firstly in February 2007, 12 weeks later, in May, non-respondents were contacted and then six weeks later they were telephoned, it was discovered that that some of the possible contributors had moved, died or retired. This i nformation was adjusted to take this into account. The authors completed separate univariable (a single variable) and multivariable (containing more than one variable) predicting the outcomes using polytomous methods which would allow two outcomes to be predicted together. The response rate to the survey was 50% once the exclusions were accounted for, which is higher than the first paper and still gave a lot of date to work with. Included in the survey the authors included a brief outline of the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill (2006) 32% of the doctors who responded had read some of the Bill. Gender, speciality and years in post had no effect on opposition or support for a new law. An interesting point noted is that the views of doctors who do not care for the dying tally with the general publics view, so there is some correlation there with 66% of those who never cared for the dying supporting a change in the law. The outcome of interest for the authors was to what level practitioners agreed with the statement: The law should not be changed to allow assisted suicide. A second outcome of interest was the level of agreement with the statement I would be prepared to prescribe a fatal drug to a terminally ill patient who was suffering unbearably, were that course of action to become legal. (Hotopf, et. al. 2007:3). The findings of this questionnaire can be found in Appendix (c). Both of these questions were determined using five-point Likert-type scales, used commonly in questionnaires, following this were converted into three-point scales comprising of agree, neither agree nor disagree and disagree with a change in law. The survey shows that senior doctors are split abut their views regarding a change in the law; fewer are in favour than the general public in the United Kingdom. These findings have been noted in the US, as well as Canada, Finland and the Netherlands as well as the UK. Ethical permission was gained from the Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London Research Ethics Committee. Comparisons and Conclusions There are many comparisons between the two papers, for example, both sent out questionnaires to their target group, who were specialists in certain fields. However, the first paper surveyed over double the amount of people the second paper did but got less replies. Both studies were done in the same year but it is difficult to tell who started theirs first as the date for first paper is unknown other than it was performed in 2007. The second survey is far more in depth that the first one, and it suggests that qualitative research is needed to understand doctors views better whereas the first paper did not state which the preferred method was. The second paper suggests that doctors who oppose a change in the law comes from an over-optimistic credence in their ability to relieve the suffering of the dying. (Hotopf, et.al. 2007). It is possible to argue against this though and the knowledge and experience of patients who are dying influences views about PAS. Both compare the attitudes b etween the general public and the specialist doctors and note a big difference between them. On the whole both papers conducted a thorough and precise survey but there is room for further research and investigation. References Hotopf, L, Lee, W, Price, A, and Rayner, L. (2009) Survey of Doctors Opinions of the Legalisation of Physician-Assisted Suicide, Bio-Med Central, [Online], Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-6939-10-2.pdf [Accessed: 22nd April 2010]. NHS (2010) Euthanasia and assisted suicide [Online], London. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Euthanasiaandassistedsuicide/Pages/Definition.aspx [Accessed 22nd April 2010]. Seale, C. (2009) Legalisation of Euthanasia or Physician-Assisted Suicide: Survey of Doctors Attitudes, Palliative Medicine, [Online], Available from: http://pmj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/23/3/205 [Accessed 22nd April 2010]. Papers used in Literature Search: Hotopf, L, Lee, W, Price, A, and Rayner, L. Survey of Doctors Opinions of the Legalisation of Physician-Assisted Suicide. Seale, C Legalisation of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide: survey of doctors attitudes. Appendix (a) Original Message From: Katy Marsland (08111890) [mailto:[emailprotected]] Sent: 26 April 2010 19:25 To: [emailprotected] Subject: A Questionnaire request. Dear Sir, I am at the University of Lincoln and am doing a literature review for my degree in Health and Social care involving your survey on the Legalisation of Euthanasia or Physician-Assisted Suicide: Survey of Doctors Attitudes, and was wondering if it were possible for you to forward me a copy of the questions in order to aid my review? Many thanks in advance Katy Marsland Reply: Here is the questionnaire. Clive (b) END OF LIFE DECISIONS IN MEDICAL PRACTICE: CONFIDENTIAL ENQUIRY PLEASE TICK THE BOXES TO INDICATE YOUR ANSWERS THANK YOU FOR YOUR ASSISTANCE à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ General Background Questions Your age à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ under 35 years of age à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 36 to 45 years of age à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 46 to 55 years of age à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 56 to 65 years of age à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ over 65 years of age Your gender à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ male à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ female Your medical specialty à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ General practice à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Palliative medicine à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Neurology à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Elderly Care à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Other, please specify Grading of your post à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Consultant à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Specialist registrar à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Associate specialist / staff grade à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ SHO / HO / F1 / F2 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ GP principal à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ GP registrar Please indicate the number of deaths, on average, for which you would be the treating or attendant doctor in the normal course of your duties Answer only one of (a), (b) or (c). (Please give the most accurate estimate you can) (a)_______________per week (b)_______________per month (c)_______________per year Have you been the treating or attendant doctor in the case of a death in the last 12 months? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no Please go to question 30, on page 7 SPACE FOR COMMENTS ONCE YOU HAVE FINISHED THIS QUESTIONNAIRE Once you have completed this questionnaire, you can use this space to provide any clarifications to your answers or make other points PLEASE TRY TO RECALL AS CAREFULLY AS POSSIBLE THE MOST RECENT DEATH WITHIN THE LAST 12 MONTHS FOR WHICH YOU WERE ACTING AS THE TREATING OR ATTENDANT DOCTOR, AND ANSWER ALL OF THE QUESTIONS 1 TO 29 FOR THAT PARTICULAR DEATH It is, of course, impossible to do justice to all the finer nuances of decisions concerning the end of life in a short questionnaire. But please indicate those answers which approach the actual circumstances of this death as closely as possible. 1 Sex of the deceased à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ male à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ female 2 Age of the deceased (please estimate if unsure) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ under 1 year à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 1-9 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 10-19 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 20-29 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 30-39 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 40-49 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 50-59 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 60-69 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 70-79 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 80-89 years à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 90 years and over 3 Place of death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ hospital à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ hospice à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ care home à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ deceaseds own home à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other (please specify) 4 Cause of death *This does not mean the mode of dying, such as heart failure, asphyxia, asthenia, etc: it means the disease, injury, or complication which caused death 1a Disease or condition directly leading to death* 1b Other disease or condition, if any, leading to 1 (a) 1c Other disease or condition, if any, leading to 1 (b) 2 Other significant conditions contributing to the death but not related to the disease or condition causing it 5 With respect to this death, when was your first contact with the patient? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ before or at the time of death: go to Question 6 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ after death: go to question 30, on page 7 6 How long had you known this patient? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ more than six months à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ one to six months à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ one to four weeks à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ between one day and one week à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ less than 24 hours Medical actions 7a 7b 7c Concerning this death, did you or a colleague: withhold a treatment* (or ensure that this was done)? withdraw a treatment* (or ensure that this was done)? use any drug to alleviate pain and/or symptoms? (please tick as many answers as apply) * IN THIS STUDY TREATMENT INCLUDES CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR), ARTIFICIAL FEEDING AND/OR HYDRATION à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes (please specify treatments withheld) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes (please specify treatments withdrawn) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, morphine or another opioid à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, benzodiazepine à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, other drug 8a 8b In withholding a treatment, did you or your colleague consider it probable or certain that this action would hasten the end of the patients life? In withdrawing a treatment, did you or your colleague consider it probable or certain that this action would hasten the end of the patients life? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no treatment withheld à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no treatment withdrawn 9a 9b Concerning the drugs used to alleviate symptoms, (Questions 7c), were these administered knowing this would probably or certainly hasten the end of life? partly intending to end life? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no drugs used to alleviate symptoms à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no drugs used to alleviate symptoms 10a 10b In withholding a treatment, did you or your colleague have the explicit intention of hastening the end of life? In withdrawing a treatment, did you or your colleague have the explicit intention of hastening the end of life? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no treatment withheld à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no treatment withdrawn 11a 11b Was death caused by the use of a drug prescribed, supplied or administered by you or a colleague with the explicit intention of hastening the end of life (or of enabling the patient to end his or her own life?) If yes, who administered this drug (i.e. introduced it into the body)? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ you or another health care colleague à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ a relative à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ someone else NOTE: IF YOU ANSWERED NO TO ALL THE QUESTIONS ON THIS PAGE, GO TO QUESTION 23 Decision making NOTE: QUESTIONS 12 TO 22 REFER THE LAST-MENTIONED ACT OR OMISSION, THAT IS, THE LAST YES THAT YOU TICKED ON THE PREVIOUS PAGE (QUESTIONS 7 TO 11) 12 Which were the most important reasons for the last-mentioned act or omission? (please tick all that apply_ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had pain à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had other symptoms à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ request or wish of the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ request or wish of relatives à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ expected further suffering à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no chance of improvement à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ treatment would have been futile à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ further treatment would have increased suffering à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other (please specify below) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 13 In your estimation, how much was the patients life shortened by the last mentioned act or omission? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ more than six months à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ one to six months à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ one to four weeks à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ between one day and one week à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ less than 24 hours à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ life was probably not shortened at all 14 Did you or a colleague discuss the last-mentioned act or omission with the patient? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, at the time of performing the act/omission or shortly before: go to Question 15 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, some time beforehand: go to Question 15 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no, no discussion: go to Question 19 15 At the time of this discussion, did you consider the patient had the capacity to assess his/her situation and make a decision about it? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no 16 Did this discussion include the (probable or certain) hastening of the end of the patients life by this last-mentioned act or omission? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no 17 Was the decision concerning the last mentioned act or omission made in response to an explicit request from the patient? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, upon an oral request à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, upon a written request à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, upon both an oral and a written request à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no: go to Question 21 18 At the time of this request, did you consider the patient had the capacity to assess his/her situation and make a decision about it? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes: go to Question 21 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no: go to Question 21 ONLY ANSWER QUESTIONS 19 and 20 IF YOUR ANSWER TO QUESTION 14 WAS NO, NO DISCUSSION 19 Did you consider the patient had the capacity to assess his/her situation and make a decision about it? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no 20 Why was the last mentioned act or omission not discussed with the patient? (Please fill in as many answers as apply) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient was too young à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ the last mentioned act or omission was clearly the best one for the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ discussion would have done more harm than good à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient was unconscious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had significant cognitive impairment à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient was suffering from a psychiatric disorder à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other, please elaborate at the end of the questionnaire 21 Did you or a colleague discuss with anybody else the (possible) hastening of the end of the patients life before it was decided to take the last mentioned act or omission? (Please fill in as many answers as apply) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ with one or more medical colleagues à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ nursing staff /other caregivers à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ by partner/relatives of the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ someone else à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ nobody 22 Which were the most important reasons for the last-mentioned act or omission? (please tick all that apply) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had pain à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had other symptoms à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ request or wish of the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ request or wish of relatives à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ expected further suffering à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no chance of improvement à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ further treatment would have been futile à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ further treatment would have increased suffering à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other (please specify below à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ NOTE: QUESTIONS FROM HERE ONWARDS SHOULD BE ANSWERED WHETHER OR NOT YOU ANSWERED YES TO ANY OF THE ACTS OR OMISSIONS MENTIONED ON PAGE 3 (QUESTIONS 7 TO 11) 23 Was an explicit request to hasten the end of the patients life made by any of the following? (Please tick all that apply) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ partners/relatives of the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ nursing or other care staff à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ someone else à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no explicit request 24 As far as you know, did the patient ever express a wish for the end of his/her life to be hastened? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, clearly: go to Question 25 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, but not very clearly: go to Question 25 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no: go to Question 26 25 Did the patients wish for this outcome reduce or disappear over time? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, in response to care provided à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes, other reason 26 The treatment during the last week was mainly aimed at: à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ recovery à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ prolonging life à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ support during the dying process 27 Which caregivers were involved in the care for the patient during the last month before death (beside yourself and as far as you know)? (please tick all that apply) Of those not involved, which ones might have helped? Involved Not involved and might have helped general practitioner à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ specialist in pain relief à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ palliative care team à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ psychiatrist / psychologist à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ nursing staff à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ social care worker à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ spiritual caregiver à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ volunteer à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ family member à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ 28a 28b 28c 28d Was the patient continuously and deeply sedated or kept in a coma before death? Which medication was given for sedation? (please tick as many answers as apply) At what time before death was continuous sedation of the patient started? Which were the most important reasons for this sedation? (please tick all that apply) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no: go to Question 29a à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ midazolam à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other benzodiazepine à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ morphine or another opioid à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other type of medication à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. hours before death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. days before death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. weeks before death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had intractable pain à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had intractable psychological distress à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ patient had other intractable symptoms à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ request or wish of the patient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ request or wish of relatives à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ other (please specify below à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 29a 29b 29c Did the patient receive morphine or another opioid during the last 24 hours before death? How much time before death was the administration of morphine or another opioid started? Which figure best illustrates the dosage of morphine or another opioid during the last 3 days before the patients death? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ yes à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ no go to Question 30 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. hours before death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. days before death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. weeks before death à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ No increase à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Gradual increase à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Strong increase last day Attitudes and beliefs Questions 30 and 31 are about voluntary euthanasia (that is, when someone ends the life of another person at their request), worded in the same way as those used in surveys of general public opinion. 30 30a 30b First, a person with an incurable and painful illness, from which they will die for example, someone dying of cancer. Do you think that, if they ask for it, a doctor should ever be allowed by law to end their life, or not? And do you think that, if this person asks for it, a doctor should ever be allowed by law to give them lethal medication that will allow the person to take their own life? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should not be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should not be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should not be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should not be allowed 31 31a 31b Now, how about a person with an incurable and painful illness, from which they will not die. Do you think that, if they ask for it, a doctor should ever be allowed by law to end their life, or not? And do you think that, if this person asks for it, a doctor should ever be allowed by law to give them lethal medication that will allow the person to take their own life? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should not be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should not be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Probably should not be allowed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Definitely should not be allowed 32 Religion: what is your religion? à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ None à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Christian (including Church of England, Catholic, Protestant and all other Christian denominations) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Buddhist à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Hindu à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Jewish à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Muslim à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Sikh Any other religion, please write in 33 Religion: would you describe yourself as: à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ extremely religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ very religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ somewhat religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ neither religious nor non-religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ somewhat non-religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ very non religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ extremely non religious à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ cant choose 34 What is your ethnic group? Choose ONE section from A to E, then tick the appropriate box to indicate your ethnic group A White à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ any White background B Mixed à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ White and Black Caribbean à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ White and Black African à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ White and Asian à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Any Other Mixed background, please write in C Asian or Asian British à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Indian à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Pakistani à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Bangladeshi à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Any Other Asian background, please write in D Black or Black British à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Caribbean à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ African à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Any Other Black background, please write in E Chinese or other ethnic group à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Chinese à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ Any Other, please write in To clarify any answers or to make further comments, please use the space on page 1. Thank you for your help with this important survey. Now that you have finished the questionnaire, to ensure the anonymity of your answers you will need to do two things. Place the completed questionnaire in the reply-paid envelope, seal it and post it as soon as possible Post the reply-paid response notification card with your name on it if you wish to avoid receiving follow-up reminders. These two items will be received by different people in different locations and kept separate. It will not be possible to link your questionnaire with your name. This questionnaire has been sent to a random sample of 10,000 doctors. It will not be possible for the researchers or anyone else to use your replies to discover your identity or the identity of the patient on whose care you have reported. We understand that recalling events of this nature can be a distressing experience. If you wish to talk to someone about your feelings concerning end-of-life care, the Confidential Counselling Helpline of the British Medical Association can assist you. Their number is: 0645 200 169 (c) Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide in the United Kingdom A Research Proposal Part B By Katy Marsland 08111890 University of Lincoln Hand in Date: 4th May 2010 (1,352 Words) Julie Burton NUR2002M-0910 research Methods 2009/2010 Table of Contents: Page Title 26 Research Questions 27 Aims of Project 28 Initial Literature Review 29-30 Methodology 31 Ethical Considerations and Practical Constraints 32 Timetable for Dissertation Research 33-34 References 35 A Research Proposal 1. Title: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide in the United Kingdom. 2. Research Questions Should Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide be made legal? What are the arguments for and against policy change in the United Kingdom? Which section of society is most supportive of a change in the law? Which section is most opposed and why? 3. Aims of Project This research aims to investigate, using secondary data, whether a change in the law is needed to clarify the position of euthanasia and assisted suicide in the United Kingdom, and whether this should be made legal just for those who are terminally ill or for