Ancient Africa and the Present Slavery Essay

The book â€Å"Segu† is a novel written by Maryse Conde. Set in 1797, the novel a story of the Africans during that era. Interestingly, Conde was able to create a novel that makes the lives of her characters as the most evident proof of the life experienced by people who lived in Mali during the ancient times. Clearly, the issue of religion, norms, and traditions are depicted as important aspects of society that affected the people of Old Mali. Due to the astounding narration of Conde, I was attracted to the characters as well as the history of Mali. I specifically became interested in the detailed narration of the African culture as well as the slavery experienced by the black Africans at the hands of the colonizers. It is interesting to note that, although the Africans were subjected to slavery over 300 years ago, the controversies and issues surrounding slavery still persist. It seems like the wounds caused by slavery are still engraved in the minds and personal history of every individual. Hence, I can only assume that there is still inequality happening not only in Africa but also in the world. Noting that the current African nations are one of the poorest in the world, I have come to conclude that Africans are still subjected to slavery today; only this time, they are now slaves of the current world, as most of the resources mined or produced within the African nations are not utilized and enjoyed by the Africans themselves but acquired by foreigners to serve their own self-interests. Hence, Africans are not given what they deserve to attain and enjoy. It is saddening that after more than 300 years, the African nations in general are still experiencing various conflicts in terms of religion, norms, and traditions. During an era of globalization and international cooperation, one must bear in mind that there is a need for change and development not just in the economic or political aspects but also in the social and cultural outlook. Work Cited Conde, Maryse. Segu. New York: Viking Penguin Inc. , 1987.

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 15

But she could hear Alex's sobbing even when she got in the car, and it seemed to follow in her head even when they had left the house behind. They checked with the â€Å"road crew† stationed right outside the Ashton-Hughes front gate. It looked extremely professional, with bright lights and all the accoutrements. â€Å"All secure,† the witch in charge said cheerfully when Keller rolled down the window. He shifted his reflective vest. â€Å"Thirty cars in, nobody out. There hasn't been one for a while-I think you're fashionably late.† He winked. â€Å"Thirty?† Keller said. â€Å"How many people per car?† â€Å"Two in most of them, but some were packed.† Keller glanced at Iliana beside her. â€Å"And that's what they call only inviting a few people?† Iliana shrugged. â€Å"You haven't seen the house.† â€Å"Anyway, it's safe,† the witch foreman said. â€Å"No dragon has gotten in, I can promise you that. And none is going to get in, either.† Keller nodded at him, and they drove on. Diana was right. In considering how big the party was, you had to see the size of the house. Keller had studied the plans, but it wasn't the same. They passed something like a peach orchard on one side of the driveway, and then a carriage house that seemed to have swallowed up a dozen cars. But Nissa dropped them off by the front steps, below the stately white columns that decorated the magnificent porch. Impressive place, Keller thought. They walked in. In the cavernous, softly lit entry hall, there was a girl in a dark uniform who took their coats. There was also Brett. When he saw Diana, he pounced. â€Å"Blondie! I thought you weren't going to make it!† â€Å"You knew I wouldn't miss this,† Diana said gently. But Keller thought she looked much less interested in Brett than the last time she'd spoken to him. She's learned a lot, Keller thought. And, of course, now that she knows Galen, she sees this loser for what he is. Brett was looking the others over in his meat-appraising way. â€Å"So just which of these lovely ladies is your cousin? I never got a chance to ask.† â€Å"Oh†¦ that one.† Diana pointed a random finger. â€Å"You?† Brett's eyes ran up and down Keller's tallness and her blue-black hair. â€Å"I never would have guessed.† â€Å"We're sort of†¦ foster cousins,† Keller said. She didn't like Brett. That was nothing new, but somehow tonight she realty didn't like him. There was something almost creepy in the way his eyes clung to girls, and when he looked at Diana, it was like watching a slug crawl over a peach blossom. â€Å"Well, come with me and join the fun,† he said, gesturing expansively and flashing a smile. Keller almost asked â€Å"Where?† but in a moment she realized that it was pointless. The party really seemed to be all over the house. The entry room itself was big enough to have a party in, and it had a wide, sweeping staircase just like a proper Southern mansion. Above, on the second floor, Keller could see a hallway lined with portraits and statues. Brett led them through room after room, each one impressive. Some seemed to be real sitting rooms; others just looked like displays in a museum. Finally, they went through one last open archway into a ballroom. Paneled walls. Painted ceiling. Chandeliers. An ocean of floor. And the college band at one end playing music that was definitely modern. A few couples were dancing a slow dance, very near the band. They looked small enough to rattle in the enormous room. Keller almost giggled, but Diana looked dreamy. â€Å"It's beautiful.† Brett looked satisfied. â€Å"There's food over there on the sideboard. But most of the food's downstairs in the game room. You want to see that?† â€Å"I want to see Jaime,† Iliana said. â€Å"She's down there.† The game room was amazing, too. Not just pool tables and darts but arcade-style video games, old-fashioned pinball machines, an indoor basketball hoop, and generally just about everything you'd find at a superior arcade. As soon as they walked in, a guy in black pants, white shirt, and black vest offered them a tray of tiny quiches and mini-pizzas. A caterer, Keller decided, not part of the regular staff of the house. She shook her head at the food and went on looking around, keeping her senses open so she could take in everything at once. This was the first time Iliana had been out in public since she'd gone to school last Monday, and it was nerve-wracking. The game room was much more crowded than the ballroom, and everybody was laughing and talking at once. On top of that, this old mansion had some very modern renovations. The band music was being piped into the other rooms. â€Å"Jaime!† Iliana said as a figure emerged from the crush of people. Jaime looked good. Her face had a healthy color, and her dark blue eyes were wide open and shining. Her brown hair was fluffed softly, and she was wearing a very pretty blue dress. Iliana.† She hugged Iliana hard, speaking in her flat but oddly pleasant voice. â€Å"It seems like forever. How are you?† â€Å"Fine. My cold's better, and my hand-† Iliana held up her right hand. There was a neat bandage around the palm to protect the stitches. ‘It itches sometimes, but that's all. How about you?† â€Å"I still have headaches. But I'm getting better.† Jaime smiled at Keller and the others. â€Å"I'm so glad you all could come.† â€Å"Yeah, so are we,† Keller said politely, feeling a stab of instinctive guilt. It was irrational, but she kept expecting this girl to look at her and say, â€Å"You're the one who attacked me! The monster cat!† And she wasn't glad that they had come. Her early warning system was clamoring already; she felt as if her fur was standing on end. She couldn't explain it, but there was something wrong about the house. â€Å"Keep alert,† she said quietly to the others as Jaime led Iliana to the food tables. â€Å"Remember, two of us are with her at all times. The other two can wander the house, check the perimeter, look for anything suspicious. And keep in touch.† She put a finger to her brooch. That was when they found that their transmitters didn't work. Keller had no idea why. All any of them could hear was static like white noise. Keller cursed. â€Å"Well keep in touch physically, then,† she said grimly. She checked her watch. It was almost nine. â€Å"And well get her out of here in an hour. Ten o'clock. Just to be safe.† â€Å"Good idea,† Galen said. Winnie and Nissa said, â€Å"Right, Boss.† Keller stuck close to Iliana, telling herself that they were taking every precaution and that all she had to do was stay cool and they could get out safely. But as time went on, she only got more and more uneasy. The dragon was going to attack. She was certain of it. But how? What form would the attack take? Was it going to be a battering ram of dark power like the one that had brought down the roof of the safe house? Or something tiny and sneaky, some clever way to get past the wards? A mouse? Or an insect? No ordinary shapeshifter could turn into a bug, but it was a kind of animal, after all. Could something like that slip through the wards undetected? What was it she was missing? Nothing to do but keep her senses, open, search every face for enemies, and be prepared for anything. As it turned out, though, she was entirely unprepared when it happened. Nissa and Galen were the two wandering the house at that point. Keller and Winnie were sticking with Iliana. Keller herself didn't plan to leave Diana's side all night. But as she was watching Jaime and Iliana laughing and chattering by one of the food tables- which offered everything from barbecue to shrimp to exotic fruit-Brett walked up chewing his lip. He was heading for Iliana, but he looked undecided and genuinely unhappy. Keller headed him off reflexively. She preferred to keep him away from Iliana just on principle. â€Å"Anything wrong?† He glanced at her with something like relief in his dark blue eyes. For once, he didn't look arrogant or patronizing or even well groomed. â€Å"Uh, there's something†¦ I need to tell Iliana about†¦ I guess.† He gulped, his face twisted. â€Å"You guess?† Keller herded him into a relatively private niche beside a video game. â€Å"What do you mean, you guess?† â€Å"Well, I do have to tell her. I just hate to.† He lowered his voice so that Keller had to lean closer to hear him. â€Å"Her mom's on the phone. And she says that her little brother is missing.† Ice water sluiced over Keller. For five seconds, she didn't breathe at all. Then she said, â€Å"What?† Brett grimaced. â€Å"He's missing from his bedroom. And, I mean, I hate to scare Iliana with it, because he's probably just crawled out the window or something-he's that age, you know? But her mom wants to talk to her. She's sort of hysterical.† He wet his lips. â€Å"I guess we should all go over there as a search party.† He's really worried, Keller thought dazedly, while another part of her mind, a clear, cold part, clicked through possible solutions. So there's something under that brand-name facade after all. In spite of the â€Å"he probably crawled out of the window† crap, he's worried about the kid-and he's worried about telling Iliana, too. Because Diana's going to go ballistic, the cold part of her mind put in. She's going to get as hysterical as her mom and insist on rushing back there. And a search party-that would mean all of us outside the wards, crawling around between houses in the dark†¦ No. It couldn't happen. It was undoubtedly just what the dragon wanted. But how had he gotten to the baby? With all those wards and the agents watching the house-how? It didn't matter. Right now, she had to deal with the situation. â€Å"Brett-don't tell Iliana.† â€Å"Huh? But I have to.† â€Å"No, you don't. Ill talk to Mrs.-to Aunt Anna. I'm her niece, remember? And I have an idea where the baby might have gone. I think he's safe, but she has to know where to look.† Brett gawked at her. â€Å"You have an idea?† â€Å"Yeah. Just let me talk to her. And don't say anything to Iliana just yet.† Keller glanced toward the game room bar, which was set up like an English pub. There was a phone, but a girl with red hair was talking animatedly into it, while eating nuts from a bowl. â€Å"It's the other line, Jaime's line,† Brett said. â€Å"She said she called on that one first, but it was busy.† â€Å"Okay, where's the other line?† â€Å"Jaime's room.† Keller hesitated, looking at Iliana. Winnie was on one side of her and Jaime on the other. They were the center of attention, something like the heart of a rose, with other people surrounding them like petals. At least she was in full view of everyone. And somebody trying to get to her would have to go through all of them first, and that would alert Winnie. But I wish Nissa and Galen were here to take over from me. She glanced at her watch. Fifteen minutes before they were supposed to come back to the game room. The baby couldn't wait that long. She forged through the crowd and touched Winnie's shoulder. â€Å"I have to run for a minute-a phone call. Nothing to worry about yet. I'll make it fast,† she murmured in Winnie's ear. Winnie glanced at her, surprised, but then she nodded. â€Å"Problems?† â€Å"Maybe. Stay alert.† Keller said it through a smile for Iliana's benefit. When she got out of the throng, she said to Brett, â€Å"Take me there.† Actually, she knew where Jaime's bedroom was from the plans. But she didn't want Brett hanging around Iliana. His face alone would give away the show. They hurried up the wide staircase. Keller's mind was racing, making plans. I can calm her down, at least. And I can call Circle Daybreak and tell them-if they don't already know. They'll make a much better search party than humans. Iliana doesn't need to know about it at all until after the ceremony. And then†¦ Her mind stalled, and the sick feeling in her stomach grew. No. It wouldn't be enough. She knew what she really had to do. I have to go back there. Just me. I owe Diana that much. I owe the whole family that much. I'll be the best one to search. I can drive over to the house feist and see what's going on. Borrow a car from Brett. That way, when the dragon attacks-and he's going to attack-I'll be the only one there. You'll be the only one dead, a snide little voice in her mind pointed out. But Keller gave it the cold shoulder. She knew that already. It wasn't important. You're going to risk your life-give up your life- for a baby? One who's not a Wild Power, not even a shapeshifter? At least I'll get another chance at the dragon, she told the voice. You're going to risk the mission, the alliance, the whole daylight world, for a single individual? the voice went on. This was a better point. But Keller had only one thing to say to it. I have to. â€Å"Here.† Brett gestured at the open door of a pretty bedroom, then followed Keller when she went in. â€Å"Um, can I help you?† He was getting over his worry and trying to cozy up to her again. â€Å"No.† â€Å"Oh. Well, I'll leave you alone, then.† He slid out the door, closing it behind him. And Keller let him. Later, that was what she couldn't quite believe. That she had been stupid enough to walk into the trap and stand there while it snapped shut. She picked up the phone. â€Å"Mrs. Dominick?† Silence. . At first, just for a moment or two, she thought Hiana's mother might have stepped away from the phone. But then the nature of the silence got to her. There were no sounds in the background at all. It was dead air. Keller hit the plunger to hang up the phone. Nothing happened. No dial tone. She glanced at the phone cord; it was plugged into the wall. She pushed the plunger rapidly, four times, five. Then she knew. She'd been suckered. In one motion, she whirled and sprang to the door. Only to twist the handle uselessly. It was locked. And it was a good, sturdy door, made out of solid wood, the kind they used to make. She found this out by throwing herself against it hard enough to bruise her shoulder. It had been locked with a key from the outside, and the bolt was a good, sturdy one, too. White icy-hot rage swept over Keller. She was more angry than she could ever remember being in her life. She couldn't believe it-she'd been fooled by an idiot human boy. The Night People must have gotten to him somehow, must have bought him†¦ No. Keller knew she wasn't a genius. But sometimes ideas came to her in a flash, allowing her to see a complete picture all at once where other people saw only fragments. And right now, like a bolt of lightning, realization dawned on her, and she understood. Oh, Goddess, how could we have been so stupid? She knew how the dragon had done it.

Business operational Essay Example for Free

Business operational Essay To provide learners with an understanding of the role and importance of operations management (OM) in the efficient and effective production of goods and services. Scenario: WH Smith is a major, well-known and publically-quoted book retailer and newsagent in the UK. Recently it was reported how Kate Swann, the former CEO for the last 10 years, has turned the company around from ? 135m losses to ? 106m profit in a decade. (source: www. theguardian. com/business/blog/2013/jan/23/wh-smith-kate-swann-profit, accessed 1 October 2013) (Also see copy attached) This is an example of how the principles of operations management can be used to reactivate a firm. How did she do it? Using the above as a starting point, together with other information sources, which you should research yourself, on WH Smith, you are asked to address the Tasks below regarding operations management. Task 1 (this meets LO 1, ACs 1. 1, 1. 2 and 1. 3) Based on the Scenario, produce a document explaining the nature and importance of Operation Management and its key elements. Your document for this Task must include the following elements (among others as you wish): I. A definition of OM and an explanation of its importance; II. The key elements of OM; III. The need to produce goods or services on time and to cost, with the right quality and within the law; IV. The role of OM in achieving strategic objectives; and V. Produce systems and sub-systems diagrams for any WH Smith operations processes, including a brief explanation of your diagrams. Task 2 (this meets LO 2 ACs 2. 1, 2. 2 and 2. 3) Based on the Scenario, produce a document explaining the relationship between OM and strategic planning. Your document for this Task must include the following elements (among others as you wish): I. II. III. Explain the implementation of the â€Å"3Es† in WH Smith; Critically review the tension between cost minimisation and quality maximisation in the context of WH Smith; and Assess the importance of the five performance objectives that underpin operations management. Task 3 (this meets LOs 3 and 4 in full) Base on the Scenario, produce a document explaining how to organise and apply relevant techniques in a typical production process. Your document for this Task must include the following elements (among others as you wish): I. II. III. IV. Comment briefly on the importance of operational planning and control. Explain what linear programming is, and give an example in relation to any part of the operations of WH Smith; Produce a network plan and indicate the resultant critical path for any operation in WH Smith. (for this task, you should include a set of operational outcomes, which are clearly defined). Explain how quality can be defined and maintained. Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria In order to Pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the Learning Outcomes for the unit. The Assessment Criteria determine the standard required to Pass this unit. The Assessment Criteria will act as a guide to help you put into context your answers to fulfill the Learning Outcomes. Learning Outcome Assessment Criteria 1. 1 explain the importance of operational management 1. 2 explain the need to produce safely; on time; to cost; to LO 1Understand the quality and within the law nature and importance 1. 3 explain the link between operations management and of operational strategic planning management 1. 4 produce a systems diagram to illustrate a typical business 2. 1 explain the ‘Three Es’ (economy, efficiency and effectiveness) LO2 Understand the link between operations 2. 2 explain the tension between cost minimisation and management and quality maximisation strategic planning 2. 3 evaluate the significance of the five performance objectives that underpin operations management 3. 1 explain linear programming LO3 Understand how 3. 2 evaluate critical path analysis and network planning to organise a typical 3. 3 explain the need for operational planning and control production process LO4 Be able to apply relevant techniques to the production of an operational plan for a typical business 4. 1 produce a set of clearly defined operational outcomes 4. 2 produce a network plan and indicate the resultant critical path 4. 3 explain how quality could be defined and maintained. INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS This assessment and the Tasks above are designed to assess your achievement of all four of the Learning Outcomes and associated Assessment Criteria for a Pass in the ‘Employability Skills’ unit of the qualification you are undertaking. Your tutor/ deliverer will advise you when you should start work on the assignment, the date when you must hand in your completed work and when you can expect to get your mark and feedback on your work. Guidance on this subject is provided on page 1 of this assignment brief. You should make sure that you plan your work carefully, to ensure that you cover all four learning outcomes of the assignment, and complete it within the time limit specified. There is no official guideline wordcount or percentage marking (other than Pass/ Merit/ Distinction/ Refer). By way of guidance only for this particular assignment, it is recommended that you write a minimum of 2000-2500 words total and match the weighting of your efforts to the wordcount indicated. Your statements in answer to the Learning Outcomes need to be prefixed with the specific Learning Outcome title or at least the Learning Outcome number. This will help you keep on track and should ensure you address the details. You must make sure that you acknowledge any sources you have used to complete this assignment, listing reference material and web sites used. The assignment result will be published on BITE’s Moodle online education materials platform, normally within 6 weeks of the submission date. If your assignment is assessed as referred, you will be notified with an indication of the areas to be addressed. You may resubmit an assignment, or submit a new assignment, on a further two occasions during your period of registration as an Institute learner with Edexcel. If there is anything in these instructions or in the assignment itself which you do not understand, please seek guidance from your tutor/ deliverer. Merit grade Descriptors For learners to achieve a Merit they must: Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions Indicative characteristics Learners must demonstrate that: An effective approach to assignment planning, study and research is in evidence Evaluations and judgements, using evidence, have been made Problems with a number of variables have been considered Select/design and apply appropriate methods/techniques A range of relevant theories have been included Relevant theories and techniques have been applied to the case study A range of different sources of information have been used The selection of methods/techniques of analysis and use of source material have been justified Information/ data has been synthesised and processed Present and communicate appropriate findings The written assessment is coherent, shows logical development and a sound understanding of theories, concepts and research evidence The written assessment demonstrates that an appropriate structure and approach has been used The written assignment demonstrates a writing style appropriate for audiences both familiar and unfamiliar with the subject. The written work is clearly written and technical language has been accurately used Distinction grade Distinction descriptors For learners to achieve a Distinction they must: Indicative characteristics Learners must demonstrate that: Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions. Conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and evaluation of research evidence and have been justified The validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria Realistic and informed recommendations have been proposed against defined characteristics for success Take responsibility for managing and organising activities. The written assignment shows excellent planning, is organised coherently and is clearly expressed Independence of thought and gathering of research material has been demonstrated Material used has been clearly understood and well organised The importance of individual and group behaviour in organisations and its management has been recognised and addressed Demonstrate convergent/lateral/creative thinking. There is evidence of self-generated ideas with evaluation Convergent and lateral thinking are evident in the written assignment Creative thinking is evidenced with unfamiliar material. Problem-solving is in evidence Innovation and creative thought are in evidence Receptiveness to new ideas is evident Ideas have been generated, evaluated and informed decisions/ recommendations are made. Case Study: WHSmith †¢ WH Smith: Kate Swann turns ? 135m losses into ? 106m profit in a decade One of the UK’s most highly regarded – and highly paid – retailers achieved success by going against the grain WH Smith chief executive Kate Swann favours the old retail adage: sales are vanity, profits are sanity. Photograph: PA When Kate Swann arrived at WH Smith in 2003, there was a widely held view that the chain’s days were numbered. A decade on, she has turned losses of ? 135m into a profit of probably ? 106m this year, and shares that were languishing at 250p are now changing hands at 650p. Swann is now one of the UK’s most highly regarded – and highly paid – retailers. Yet she has achieved this remarkable feat by breaking many of the â€Å"rules† of running a successful high street retail business. When Swann announced she was pulling out of selling music and DVDs because the profit margins were thin and getting thinner, rivals thought she had taken leave of her senses – she was instantly kissing goodbye to about 30% of Smith’s turnover. On a same-store basis on the high street, WHS now sells roughly ? 65 of goods for every ? 100 of custom seven years ago. The demise of Zavvi and HMV in the face of online competition shows it was a brave – and correct – decision. Swann favours the old retail adage: sales are vanity, profits are sanity. By focusing on profitable sales and cutting costs relentlessly, she has boosted profit margins – according to analyst Nick Bubb by an almost incredible 15 percentage points. While other retailers have been pouring resources into the digital world, Smith’s big online strategy is its Funky Pigeon card site. Instead, Swann plans to open more shops, even though they are, to be frank, deeply unpleasant places to shop, stuffed with stock and screaming promotional banners. While the supermarkets have to tread carefully in the products they offer and have been targeted for displaying sweets at the checkout, Smith’s has sold stationery aimed at teenagers and young women adorned with the Playboy bunny motif and Swann’s checkout assistants attempt to force-feed the nation giant bars of Galaxy and chocolate oranges. Her secret? Maybe it’s the low profile. While many rivals enjoy the limelight, holding forth on the woes of the economy, the lack of women in the boardroom and political issues such as the in-out debate, Swann says nothing. She doesn’t give interviews. On Wednesday, at Smith’s AGM, a shareholder stood to offer thanks for her transformation. Asked to respond, she merely said: â€Å"Thank you, let’s move on. † No doubt she will. There will be a queue for her services. Business operational. (2018, Oct 18).

Law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law - Term Paper Example Consequently, copyright law functions more as a tool to defend creators and not as a system promoting innovation and creativity. Indirect infringement in the US comes under vicarious liability (Shapiro, Bernstein v. HL Green 326 F.2d 304 (2nd Cir. 1963)) and/or contributory liability (Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, 464 U.S. 417 (1984)). Where as, in Canada indirect infringement is known as secondary infringement. At the same time with regard to "fair use" doctrine this doctrine can be used in the US in a very broad sense than in Canada. This means that the provisions of fair use are more liberally interpreted in the US than they are in Canada. This is the background of the discussion for this paper. The most important factor of copyright law is linked to the public interest. Copyright law actually protects and for ever tries to equalize the requirement for motivators for creativeness and the requirement to allow society to approach works created (B Kaplan, 1967; P Goldstein, 1970; R C Denicola, 1979; M J Radin, 1982; D Baird, 1983 and I E Novos and M Waldman, 1984). Widening the security rendered by copyright furnishes better incentives for generators, but constricts the public area, that is, the general cultural resources to which the public has contact. Bringing in the right balance linking adequate incentives for originality and limiting the public domain has at all times been, and yet is, one of the major tests of copyright law. The Canadian and US laws look very different on their face as one anticipates different consequences in both the countries with regard to infringement of copyright laws. This is true only to a certain extent. Therefore, when a report is published by the Canadian government or a group which is the agent of the crown can claim copyright of the report in Canada (Dableh v. Ontario Hydro, 1993)i. Whereas the same report, if published by any arm of the US federal government, cannot claim

Choose any prodect and put it as a topic of the paper Essay

Choose any prodect and put it as a topic of the paper - Essay Example We mainly use the social media for BambooHR’s brand marketing and validation. The company uses video marketing in the social media, which also offers a platform for customer education. Pronto Marketing Company has been the major marketer of BambooHR products. The company partners with cloud store. Currently, we have four client companies using BambooHR’s services. Time-off management involves overseeing of enhancement of all the policies surrounding off-duty time(BambooHR LLC, p. 7). Time management involves such as waiting periods, carryovers, and accrual levels. The program allows this to ensure maintenance of uniqueness between various companies. Despite the customized reports, the program provides for the generation of reports using standard reports. The standard reports are in the report library, include age profile, birthdays, additions and terminations, and benefit eligibility. This functionality involves control of information sharing by ensuring that only authorized individuals have access. BambooHR software enables customization of access depending on the role of employee. The program also allows for the control of the type of information obtained by various job description. The program also supports a notification system, software development kit and standard appraisal forms (Fetaji & Majlinda, p. 234). †¢ TribeHR program. This program allows human resource administrators to focus on aspects that are of more value addition to the business. The program has tools essential for recruiting and managing time, attendance and talent of employees. Fetaji, Bekim, and Majlinda,Fetaji. "Designing and Developing Performance Measurement Software Solution." International Journal of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (IJCSEE) 1 (2013): 234-238. Web. 1 March 2015. BambooHR LLC. â€Å"Why and When to Get out of Spreadsheets and into HR Software: And what to look for when you’re

Introduction about cell cycle by emphasizing DNA replication Research Paper

Introduction about cell cycle by emphasizing DNA replication - Research Paper Example Evidently, there is a need to ensure that DNA replication occurs only once per cell cycle to prevent daughter cells having inappropriate copy numbers and other potentially fatal errors (Byun et al, 2005, Lou et al, 2008, Kurth& Gautier, 2010). This means that DNA replication is tightly controlled by a number of different cell elements, including RCs and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CdK) known as Cdc28p (Drury, Perkins &Diffley, 2000). The CdK family is important in cell cycle regulation as they phosphorylate proteins involved in cell cycle checkpoints. During the assembly of RCs at an origin, a family of proteins (Mcm2-7) becomes associated with the DNA (Randell et al, 2010, Lydeard et al, 2010), a mechanism that requires the origin-recognition complex (ORC) and Cdc6 (cell division cycle 6) (Randall et al, 2006). The loading of Mcm2-7 helicase onto origin-proximal DNA for replication is directed by the ORC and Cdc6, initiated by sequential ATP hydrolysis (Randall et al, 2006). This occurs at a precise time during G1 in part due to the mechanisms of Cdc28p (Drury et al, 2000), which plays the dual function of preventing RC formation and initiating the replication of DNA within the cell cycle (Drury et al, 2010). Cdc6p is also important in the cell cycle because it prevents DNA re-replication, as without it there may be multiple rounds of DNA re-replication without the mitosis event (Drury et al, 2010). It is possible to judge which phase of the cell cycle a cell is at through levels of Cdc6p: high during G1 and then gets phosphoryl ated during the S phase (Rizzardi& Cook, 2013). Perkins, Drury &Diffley (2001) showed the importance of CDC6 by introducing mutant alleles of the CDC6 gene. Two major transformants of CDC6 were chosen. CDC6-d1 ensured that the cell could not progress onto S phase, as there was abnormal assembly of the pre-RC complex. CDC6-d2 ensured that

Advantages of diversity through career management in the workplace Research Paper

Advantages of diversity through career management in the workplace - Research Paper Example It is often said that the diversity tends to include various dimensions impacting the identities and the perspectives that the people of the organization bring such as parental status, profession, geographic location and education.Workplace diversity is mainly concerned with the people issue that tends to bring similarities as well as differences in the organization. It is often said that the diversity tends to include various dimensions impacting the identities and the perspectives that the people of the organization bring such as parental status, profession, geographic location and education. The concept of workplace diversity is often sought to include everyone. It can be revealed that the workplace diversity is all about learning from others who are different regarding the dignity, respect for all and thus creating the environment that will motivate others as well to learn from various people in order to capture the benefits of the diverse views (Cornell University, n.d.). It is known that the workplace diversity tends to bring numerous gains to the organization. The overall success including the competitiveness rests upon the organization’s capability to encompass the diversity realizing the benefits provided by it. The organizations that evaluate as well as employ the diversity plans visibly derive benefits out of them. The first benefit that arises is the increased adaptability. The organizations that include diverse workplace can offer solution to the existing problems on a day-to-day basis. The employees from diverse background generally tend to bring with them individual knowledge and/or skill thus assisting in providing various ideas that can adapt to the changing markets demand. A person consisting of diverse skills tends to attract the customers on a global basis. The companies embracing the diversity in the workplace motivate the staffs to perform well and at the highest quality (Greenberg, 2006). It can be revealed that the diversity manag ement programs need to have an impact upon the recruitment of the target groups. It must also have an influence upon the career development programs. The term career management is based on the assumption that the individuals can exercise power over their careers. It is to be remembered that proper career management may not only focus upon the skills as possessed by oneself as well as the nature of the work but also it is quite important to focus upon the decision making skills that can be improved as well as developed with the pace of time. It is the work diversity that shapes the career development plans of the individuals. It is because of the diversity at the workplace that forces an individual to manage his/her careers. It has been evident that the world is undergoing rapid changes and the changes have an effect upon the nature of the work. Embracing the changes may damage the careers of the individuals. The competitive aspect on a worldwide basis gives rise to the global busine sses and the uncertainties in the global economy. Competition has further forced the organizations to perform acquisitions, reorganization as well as restructuring of the jobs. There have further been changes in the psychological relation among the employers and the employee (Greenhaus & Et. Al., 2009). A person pursuing his career plan in accountancy may experience numerous benefits. It can be demonstrated that the accountants possesses one of the finest job prospects. The individuals who have good interpersonal as well as the communication skills are the targets of the employers in the recent times. There are accountant who need to work on teams with others possessing different backgrounds. Therefore, these accountants must possess the ability to demonstrate and explain the accounting information in a clear and concise manner. This clearly relates to the workplace diversity. The accountants need to divert their skills and knowledge among the diverse cultural background groups whic h is referred as workplace diversi

R.R.Donnelleys Marketing and Sales Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

R.R.Donnelleys Marketing and Sales - Case Study Example A consistent revenue growth resulted in an augmentation of its total revenues from $4,247.2 million in 2002 to $9,316.6 million in the year 2006 (Company Report 2). The Company enjoys a highly diversified customer base. However, in the preceding years, the cash flows of the company plummeted from $947.5 million in 2005 to $903.5 million in the year 2006 (Company Report 2). There is no denying the fact that a few key acquisitions like Office Tiger, Banta Corporation, Perry-Judd's Holdings and Von Hoffmann has enhanced its customer base and product portfolio (Company Report 3). The newly emerging threats in the form of rising raw material prices, the current economic meltdown and technological advances have certainly influenced all the functional aspects of R.R.Donnelley, including marketing and sales (Company Report 3). The current sales activities of R.R.Donnelley are focused around pursuing a balanced strategy towards capital deployment, thus allowing it to maintain "investment grade credit metrics and substantial liquidity (Business Wire 1). Most of the new companies acquired by R.R.Donnelley had a much lower operating margin then what R.R.Donnelley managed to achieve after acquisition (Business Wire 3). The entire thrust of the company has been on retaining a strict financial discipline and ushering in innovative approaches for enhancing productivity that is expected to have a direct impact on the sales. Th The things are expected to improve even further in the times to come. The net sales in the second quarter of 2008 were $2.9 billion, an impressive 4.6% more as compared to the second quarter of 2007 (Business Wire 4). The company is also focusing on ensuring the right product mix and following a competitive pricing policy (Business Wire 4). In fact, R.R.Donnelley has managed to strike a significant sales increase in logistics services and a noteworthy volume augmentation in direct mail, stock products and digital solutions, though this was diluted to some extent by a slight fall in financial printing, commercial print and forms (Business Wire 5). The company is methodically resorting to evaluating the business performance and management effectiveness pertaining to its sales activities on a regular basis. The marketing strategy of R.R.Donnelley has been historically based on aggressive innovations, customization, acquisitions, consolidations and collaborations so as to furnish a consummate product portfolio to its customers. Besides, since the last ten years, R.R.Donnelley has been at the forefront of accommodating the latest technological options and innovations and to incorporate ecommerce accessibility portals to reach to a wide customer base. Such an approach definitely creates a brand perception of R.R.Donnelley being a versatile and techno savvy service provider extending highly competitive price options. This versatility and adaptability of R.R.Donnelley has enabled it to be a success even in today's trying times. Some salient examples of R.R.Donnelley's flexible and imbibing approach will certainly make things more clear. As far back as in 2005, R.R.Donnelley came out with its Pipeline (SM) Project Management and Tracking Tool that allowed its customers an enhanced control over their multiple pre media projects while marketing their products and services. Recently, in

WSUD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WSUD - Assignment Example Before the urban development the water used to get soaked in water and was recycled easily by atmosphere. Moreover it contributed to land enrichment. In addition to causing pollution, storm water can cause streams erosions and increased flooding. Moreover increased flooding conditions cause property damage due to the chemicals and pollutants that get dissolved in the water runoff. Thus it is becoming a source public health risk. Even though safety measures are being taken, but still there a high risk of public safety getting compromised. The storm water can also become a source of pollution after heavy rainfalls. In many countries such as USA and UK some regulations have been set to prevent such cases. Water runoff is a serious problem in Asian countries like Pakistan, India and Bangladesh where there is unusually great amount of rainfalls during the monsoon period. The conditions of the drainage system in the above mentioned countries are below average. A design for the storm water management in these countries is yet to be produced. The new constructions are also making the situation worst due to the fact that new roads designed are not given the proper slopes to get rid of the storm water runoff problems. The contributing drainage region establishes the boundary restrictions for the flow of runoff - from the highest elevations to the lowest point of elevation. Some of the impacts of the development on hydrological cycle include increased peak discharges of runoff compared to pre-development levels, Increased volume of runoff formed by each storm in comparison to the pre-development situation, decreased time in which runoff reaches the stream, chiefly if extensive drainage changes are made. There are limitations in conventional stormwater management system because it only focuses on transportation and reduction of peak flow. The concept of conventional stormwater drainage

Harlem Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Harlem Renaissance - Essay Example It brought to the forefront the cultural specifics of the black community in all possible spheres. In literature, Harlem Renaissance enriched poetry, fiction, drama and essay. In arts, the traditional and popular songs, dance forms and paintings exhibit a vibrancy characteristic of the Harlem spirit of the times. And politically, the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) has brought the revolutionary ideas of W.E.B Du Bois and Marcus Garvey to good effect, which eventually led to appropriate representations and fortifications of the black community. 4. ‘Renaissance’ can literally means a rebirth or reawakening. The term is usually used to encompass a period that shows a renewed interest in art, literature or music. The Italian Renaissance of the 14th Century that focused mainly on painting led to a flowering of all forms of arts, literature and cultural artifacts in all Europe that lasted till the 16thy Century. In Harlem Renaissance, the interest in black tradition and art forms were evident. Moreover, it was a period when an abundance of artistic and literary products took birth and were circulated. 5. Harlem Renaissance works carried the general theme of a dual identity – of being an American and a black a colored individual at the same time. They explore the African-American identity with a lot of enthusiasm and optimism, since the racial prejudices were ameliorated at the time due to various reasons. The fact that there was scope for black arts at the specific environment gave the players of the movement great confidence and a sense of significance. The characteristic feature of the Renaissance is that it relied on the African heritage and tradition as much as it proclaimed the contemporary African-American existence and its accommodative, liberal spirit. New art forms like the Jazz did break away from traditions

Over the Hedge Essay Example for Free

Over the Hedge Essay Over the Hedge is an animated film about the difficulties little harmless animals experience when man encroaches on their habitat (Fry, 2006). The film starts with the end of winter and the animals in the forest are coming out of hibernation. A hyperactive and mischievous raccoon named RJ forages on the junk food of the bear; he escapes alive with the promise of returning all of the bear’s food within a week. On the other side, a family of cute little animals awakens with a green wall in the middle of their forest and suddenly fears what lies beyond the hedge. Verve the turtle ventures over the hedge to find out what was on the other side; however he was subjected to the ferocious human machines like the lawn mower, grass sprinkler, bikes and etc. He returns to the forest and warns that no one should ever venture over the hedge as it is dangerous. The group of animals however had another problem, they had no food. Then here comes, the rascal raccoon RJ and convinces the group that humans throw out their food every time and all they needed to do was go out there and gather it. Verve disagreed and warned them against the idea, but as food became scarce Verve finally agreed with RJ. RJ on the other hand was really thinking of how the group could help him gather the food he owed the bear and here the conflict started. The rest of the film tells about friendship, trust, honesty and love of family. The film does this effectively within the context of man’s environmental responsibility to be stewards of Mother Nature. The plot of the story was actually very simple however, since the characters were cute, furry, funny and adorable animals, the film held much interest. The visuals were very good; it was clear, crisp and very alive. Although one would notice that it was not created in the traditional way, in fact the movie’s animation were all computer generated, from the drawing to the filming. The sound was in the standard Dolby format, and it was clear and loud, however some of the characters dialogues were tweaked to resemble that of the animal, sometimes the dialogue got lost in the way it was pronounced but one could still understand the gist of the sentence. I especially liked the three baby possums because they were really cute, and they were very funny. They had this way of saying things in chorus and then either refuting or supporting each other and their thoughts resembled the candidness of children. The vividness of the colors and images really fed my interest in the film, however I was lost in the burping of the squirrel and the farting of the skunk, maybe the director thought it would add to the comedic element of the film, but it did not feel that way to me. The film talks about the importance of living well with our animal friends, and it shows a very real example of how man react to animals when they start invading our homes and community. The film however had the ability to make us realize that man had been the first to invade the animals’ home and since they get their food from their ecosystem, man’s invasion of their habitat also affects their existence (Peabody, 2006). The film is far from serious and boring, it is funny, entertaining and honest, and brutally honest I must say. The film actually appealed to my sense of justice and equality knowing that man and beast should live together in the best possible way. Although, the film was targeted for children of all ages, some of the dialogues were brazen and crude, thus the film landed in the PG rating, but all the same it contains the essential elements of a good story, interesting characters, excellent animation and great actors and this held my interest in the film until its end.

Catering and Marketing Essay Example for Free

Catering and Marketing Essay To perform successfully, a catering service must be market-oriented and should apply the marketing concept, which is derived from the assumption that a product should be capable of meeting the needs of consumers, foremost, through its quality. To fully meet the needs and wants of costumers on the one hand, and to accomplish its business goals on the other hand, a catering business needs to combine the elements of the marketing mix in order to be as successful as possible in selling its product on the market. Guest satisfaction must be ensured. I. INTRODUCTION â€Å"Marketing is not only much broader than selling; it is not a specialized activity at all. It encompasses the entire business. It is the whole business seen from the point of view of the final result, that is, from the customer’s point of view. Concern and responsibility for marketing must therefore permeate all areas of the enterprise.† – Peter Drucker Food is an indispensable part of the human needs and wants that is always present in every circumstance. It is a usual unison that people have in an event which covers a large number of people dining and feasting meaning a reason for the essence of catering services. Catering services is one of the most dynamic business groups in the food and beverage industry. By industry definition, catering is the planned service of food and beverages – in contrast to restaurants, where food and beverages are generally served on demand. The opportunity for catering services to provide planned food and beverages is far greater than it is for restaurants. While restaurants are business units that serve the general public within their operating facilities, catering services, for the most part, can be provided in any venue, public or private. Unlimited types of settings, both indoors and out, are used for catering functions. The number of people who can be served at a catering function range from one to many, many more – often totalling in the thousands. For a service organization such as catering to acquire customers, it is important that marketing strategies be deployed to improve its own ability to compete with other catering services gain a competitive advantage and thus retain a greater number of customers. Marketing is an important aspect of every catering operation. As customer demands increase for catering-related services, corresponding marketing efforts must be developed. Catering business can live and die by the strength of their marketing efforts, particularly in areas with high levels of competition. An effective marketing plan can lead to the growth of your customer base, larger catering jobs, and increased profits. As consumers grow increasingly, the role of advertising and publicity become the primary vehicles for information about food and service. Definition of Terms Marketing. It is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging oï ¬â‚¬erings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Strategy. It is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. Catering. The activity of providing food and beverage for events. Marketing Mix. A planned mix of the controllable elements of a products marketing plan commonly termed as 4Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. Product. Represents a set of tangible and intangible elements used to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. Promotion. The publicization of a product to increase sales or public awareness Price. A value that will purchase a finite quantity of a product or service. Product Distribution. It is the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by a consumer. Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study is conducted specifically on eleven (11) Catering Services in the locality of Bataan. Specifically the eleven (11) catering services are as follows: 1. Tony and Ann Catering Services – located in Balanga City 2. Mommy-Tah’s Catering – located in Orion 3. Petrius Resto and Bar Catering – located in Balanga City 4. Goldiluz Catering – located in Balanga City 5. Ysiad’s Catering located in Balanga City 6. Cora’s Catering located in Orion 7. Junifred Catering Service and Accessories- located in Orani 8. Cj’s Catering Services – located in Dinalupihan 9. Mattro Catering Services- located in Hermosa 10. Gourmet Catering and Flower Shop- located in Orani 11. Know- Well Catering Services- located in Abucay The eleven (11) Catering Services were subjected to survey questionnaire. One catering services at a time. Furthermore, this study was limited to finding only the effectiveness of the marketing strategies used by the different catering services. Statement of the Problem The main purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of marketing strategies used by different catering services in the locality of Bataan. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions. 1. Is there a significant relationship between the location of the business and its marketing strategies? 2. Is there a significant relationship between the number of years of the business and its marketing strategies? Significance of the Study A study such as this enabled the different catering services in the locale to see if their marketing strategies were effective to increase their income. Furthermore, this is also important to all the catering services for this will help them in the promotion of their services using different marketing strategies. With the use of various marketing strategies, catering services may lead to higher income. Moreover, the useful and relevant information acquired from this study may help future researchers in the same field of study. This study will further help the catering services to develop more effective marketing strategies. Related Literature According to Scanlon (2007), the marketing mix includes the marketing strategy elements and may be conducted either as an alternative to the marketing cycle or as a continuing activity in the market process. The marketing mix incorporates the four basic elements into the overall strategy of marketing a product or service. The four basic elements consist of: †¢ a product (product) †¢ the price of the product (price) †¢ the promotion of the product, and (promotion) †¢ the distribution of the product. (place) The product. This is the primary element of the marketing mix, with the other elements adjusting to it depending on the given situation. The product represents a set of tangible and intangible elements used to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. The product has all the attributes of a service, and it is designated for the market. What is a service, and which are the attributes of a product as a service? A service represents the result of the interaction of three basic elements: the user (guest), equipment (facility), and the service staff (staff). This result should meet the needs of guests (for example, wedding reception). The process of building a service brand is vital to the product as a service. Becoming distinctive in the marketplace and building a brand helps to gain the trust of guests. Product price. The pricing should be based on three key elements: †¢ service demand, †¢ costs incurred in creating services, and †¢ comparing and adjusting prices to those of rivals on the market. Some potential customers are more sensitive to prices than others. For some, price is the single variable on which they base their decision to buy (or not to buy) a product, while others care nothing for the price, as long as it guarantees the quality of services provided. Hence, businesses need to be elastic in pricing. They must carefully monitor the reactions of customers to prices and, accordingly, adjust or change prices depending upon demand. Costs clearly influence the price of a product, and they determine the bottom price below which a business will begin to loss money. Prices should not, however, be overly cost-oriented, and they should not be increased to cover costs. Instead, they should be based on demand and adjusted to changes on the market. Rivals also play an important role in pricing. A business will often be compelled to change its pricing policy as a result of changes in the prices of rivals. Considering how fierce competition is today, it must be analyzed and mon itored. This means that prices, once fixed, cannot be allowed to remain unchanged, but rather, their adjustment to change should be taken as a sign of their flexibility. Product promotion. To promote a product, the business communicates with the market of demand. The market of demand comprises potential customers, various business organisations and organisations belonging to non-economic branches, and media. In promoting a product, a variety of promotional methods are used to present the product to potential customers and attract their attention. Considering the growing number of promotional methods available today in promoting a product, businesses choose to use a combination of promotional elements.

Water transportation through a ship dock

Water transportation through a ship dock Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background A port can be simply defined as a location where ship can dock and move personnel or cargo to or from land. in the last 50 years, ports have evolved from this definition, and have acquired a vital place in value-driven logistic-chain systems. They now are international logistic platforms forming a common boundary between production and consumption centres .Being an international logistic platform port sector deals with the volatile world market and are influenced by political factors, international trade, and overall world economic conditions than other sectors. These complex environments in port sector has made the port planning and port development into a very challenging task (Taneha,2010).Port functions can be compared to a self sustaining industry with domestic and international trade. As a part of supply chain management they also act as foreign exchange earner by providing logistics services to the industry. Thus while expansion of an existing port or planning of a green fiel d project, ports can be treated as an industry. Water transportation is a relatively energy-saving and environment friendly way of transporting many goods. However, coastal zones are particularly sensitive regions, and coastal ecosystems often are very fragile. Planning of an industry is driven by lot of factors such as demand and supply, institutional framework, application of technology, marketing strategy and ultimately economic impact analysis for the development and implementation of a project. The vigorous development of waterways in promoting sustainable development of transportation could potentially lead to negative environmental impacts on ports and the waters surrounding around ports ,and hence planning of a port should not only be concerned on simply demand and supply but need to pay more attention the importance of port environmental protection and planning 1.2 The reason of the choice of this subject There have been a lot of researches and papers done on port planning but much of these researches were dominated by financial-economic aspects of port planning. .Author being a port management aspirant believes that focusing on other factors in port planning may contribute to the acceptance of the port activities and the sustainable development. The planning of a port should not only be concerned on simply demand and supply but need to pay more attention to the issues such as environmental factors ,safety and security, local mobility, noise, pollution, etc of the port area The Existing Doha port has become somewhat hemmed in by all the development going on around the citys waterfront, and thus a new Doha port is under construction. it has already been recognized that the location of the new port is close to environmentally sensitive coastal areas and the government has already ensured that the environmental impacts of the project, during both construction and the subsequent operation of the port will be mitigated to the maximum extent possible .Author consider this as opportunity to attain practical knowledge apart from theoretical studies on environmental considerations in port planning. Since the author has lived and visited Qatar several times he was able to generate some personal relationships which he believes to be vital in doing this thesis. 1.2 Overall Aim The aim of this research is to investigate the role of Environmental factors in strategic port planning and development .The research will be done taking new Doha port as case study 1.3 The objectives of this research include: Analyzing the role of Institutional framework in def ining the Port ownership model and hence to define the objectives of port To evaluate the power and influences of stakeholder in port development and planning process To investigate the limitations of port Planning in terms of environmental considerations To provided an overview of proposed new Doha port 1.3 Propose Methodology Research will be done by using both primary and secondary data .The secondary data will be collected from book, journal, company report and website which will be used to construct the framework of this research. Primary data will be collected from the ports and port authority in the form of documents, questionnaires and interview. After that, the findings from primary and secondary data together with the literature review will be employed to conclude this thesis. 1.4 Research Overview Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction There is relatively little academic literature concerning planning perspective of environmental management within ports .The literature review will first cover a comprehensive summary of the basic features of strategic port planning including the definition, with the emphasis on the importance of port environmental protection, planning and management. Thorough analysis of the environmental issues related to ports will be conducted to gain a more comprehensive understanding of port environmental protection in New Doha port. A review will also be done in analysing the present methods followed in mitigating existing problems. Secondly an outline of the new Doha port will be done involving Qatars new policy and the reasons for conceiving the new port. 2.2 Strategic Port Planning Planning and development of ports requires extensive organization and collaboration .Strategic planning in port can be defined as â€Å"systematic and continuing process which enables a port and its management to clearly determine mission, direction and activities† (AAPA,1998). One of the key principles to be followed on planning a seaport is that it should be flexible to accommodate the periodic emerging changes happening in the technology of ships and cargo handling. Therefore identifying the factors that effects the port in the future including an appraisal of the port s external and internal environment can be considered as a top priority objective in strategic port planning . The major function of environment appraisal is to utilize the identified opportunities by developing appropriate responses and to act upon the counter threats in its market share. To evaluate the strategic investment required in terms of human resources, training, facilities and infrastructure, a clear assessment of ports strength and weakness is essential. It is imperative for a port to identify its environment and its competition, its vision and mission and its strategies. Ideally a port is designed according the demands of the objectives of the port, which in turn depends on the mission statement. Mission statement includes four elements purpose, strategy, behaviour standards and values. The purpose elements explains why the company exits, strategy explains the competitive position and distinctive competence of company, values suggests why the company exits and behaviour standards look in to the policies and behaviour patterns that underpins the distinctive competence and the value system of company. (Gaur,2009) An ideal single typology for port planning can rarely be achieved.The facilities which a port provides is designed by considering ships which uses them, the land transport and the port facilities at the other end of the route-that is, as part of an integrated transport system. A planner should always consider the problems in the port, in the context of the larger transport system of which the port is a part. He should also be aware of that fact that that strategic and social considerations play an important role in the location of a new port. Within these limits he should, however must be able to encourage and assist the industrial planners to search for the overall optimum economic resolution. Port development and planning is largely influenced by numerous factors such as demand, competition, changes in trade patterns,port management, cargo handling technology ,environmental pressures etc. Environmental Issues of Port Sea ports are very multifaceted system when viewed from environmental point of view. The, the very existence of ports, as well as any expansion can always results in a certain loss of habitat .In fact most of the elements including construction and operation of ports in one way or another way can be associated with environmental impact. Pollution in ports can take place either under normal conditions or accidentally(Darbra et al., 2004). The constant and movement of ships in a limited and compact area can lead to collisions between ships or between ships and the coast at frequent intervals, following risk the of the release of hazardous materials (Trozzi andVaccaro, 2000).Ports faces with different environmental issues and is greatly influenced by the characteristics of each port (Casal, et al., 1999). Table 2-1 (A) summarizes the ranking of the major environmental issues in sea ports, according to the results obtained from the Europe Sea Ports Organization (ESPO) The have been a lot of changes occurred over the thirteen years ase shown in the table .Port waste which not even present in the 1996 top 10 ranking was able achieve the first placed in 2003.In 2009 pollution caused by noise topped the chart. These changes can be considered as the result of increased environmental awareness in ports and the actions carried out as a result of increasing pressure from environmental legislation. Contributions of Port Activities in Pollution A wide range activities in port and harbour including dredging operations, materials disposal, shore zone development, increased maritime traffic and vehicular traffic in the port has an outcome in the form of anthropogenic contaminants to the environment (Trozzi and Vaccaro, 2000). Pollution problems caused by port activities can be characterized into the following: Destruction of coastal habitats and silting of navigational channels due to causeway construction and land reclamation; Unregulated mariculture activities in the port and harbour areas may threaten navigation safety; Surface water quality deterioration can happen during the construction and operation phases; Operations in port and harbour can generate sewage, bilge wastes, solid waste and leakage of harmful materials both from shore and ships; Contamination of coastal water by urban effluent discharge can affect the human and fish health Pollution caused by oil due to the port/harbour and shipping operations is one of the major environmental hazards . This includes bilge oil released from commercial ships handling non-oil cargo as well as the more common threat from oil tankers Air pollutant emissions due to ship emissions, loading and unloading activities, construction emission and emissions due to vehicular movement. Gupta et al. (2002, p. 199) Air Pollution The major air pollutants related to port activities are particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone, and sulphur oxides (SOx). Other pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde, heavy metals, dioxins, and pesticides can cause problems as well (Bailey and Solomon, 2004).Construction and vapours, gas oil produced during oil product transport, emissions of transport vehicles are considered to be major sources of air pollution in ports. Specific analysis is as follows (Bailey, 2004): A mixture of lime dust is produce during port construction which involves land piling, excavation, road resurfacing, materials transport, and cement casting .These have a definite impact on the air in the port area. Another source causing air pollution is the dust released during the process of handling and transporting of coal, ore, grain and other substances.The secondary stirring of dust may also occur whenever natural wind blow are produced with storage of similar merchandises bulk yards. Atmospheric dust pollution may result from the fuel used in assisted lifting facilities; Gases produced during port operation also causes serious air pollution.During the loading, transporting and storing of oil products and liquids at oil ports and container zones exhaust gases are emitted .These gases are referred as oil gases.Exhaust gases are also emitted from freight trucks and transportation vehicles. (Bailey, 2004). Another source includes indirect GHG emissions associated with the import and consumption of purchased electricity by a port for port-owned buildings and operations http://iaphtoolbox.wpci.nl/GreenG_strategies.html The largest emission sources within ports are from marine vessels, trucks and cargo handling equipment. Together they account for over 90% of emissions at ports. Figure 2-2 shows the PM emissions and NOx emissions (Bailey, 2004). Largest Emission Sources within Ports (PM Emissions and NOx Emissions)Sourceï ¼Å¡Bailey, 2004. Noise Pollution Noise can be transferred through waterborne, airborne and structureborne. Most of the noise pollution is the airborne noise and it can influence related area nearby ports (Trozzi and Vaccaro, 2000) Theory of ergonomics states that ‘when the noise operating environment is more than a certain threshold the operating efficiency will decline sharply. it will lead operation errors then cause security incidents Noise in the shore:Construction and operation of a port are the main sources of noise pollution In port areas.This include the noise of construction machinery, traffic noise , mechanical noise of loading and unloading and other shipping activities. Ship noise includes the noise of ship operation, cabin mechanical impacting, air flow vibration, which can seriously affected staffs physical and mental health.. Water Pollution Port activities and development process have larger contribution in water pollution. Major pollutants include direct pollutants during construction and operation phases and indirect pollutant occurring from the port under development. Construction of a new port or development includes building of Cofferdam, land reclamation, waterway dredging which can result in sea water turbidity; and the possible discharge of hazardous substances in sediments at the surface of water cause secondary pollution; Port activities causing water pollution are listed below: Ballast water, washing process of oil tankers, cabin water, gas stations on shore, repair machinery and moving machinery wash water are example of wastewater containing oil by products; Runoff water from storm sewers and coal storage iron ore, non-metallic ore, the terminal yard, the wash water of the terminal surface, the belt corridor and other places, and the leaked sewage water from coal and or mines Toxic, hazardous materials and bulk liquid from containers and transport ships can bepresent in the cleaning sewage Port region and ship sewage, mainly from local canteens, bathrooms, toilets, office buildings and other ships anchored in port; and,Industrial wastewaters produced from the nearby port industrial zone. Mishandling and breakage of cargo process ,fault in machine or fault of stevedores and lack of maintenance can lead to leakage of oils, fuels, chemical substances, toxic material and liquids International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH), 1999): 2.3 Environmental Planning and Management in Ports The purpose of environmental management is to protect environment and natural resources systems in the port surrounding area and to ensure the sustainability of development efforts over a long-term basis(Environmental Impact Assessment of Irrigation and DrainageProjects,1995).Throughout the history of port planning there has been only a little attention paid to the major environmental aspects Planning process at ports is basically in the hands of civil engineers and surveyors (Anon,1997) and hence the priority has always been on technical standards and land values. The environmental aspects considered during port development have generally been the by-products of related legislation, such as Health and Safety regulations, dangerous goods area spacing, waste reception and disposal, and traffic planning for ship safety (Couper, 1999).

Hemmingways In Our Time :: Hemmingway In Our Time

Hemmingway's In Our Time Half-way through reading Hemmingway's collection In Our Time I was interrupted by my roommate, George. He wanted to know how I liked the story. He seems to be very impressed that I'm reading Hemmingway. I explained to him that it was, in fact, not one story, but a collection of short stories. He asked if they had a common theme or not, and I found it difficult to answer. "Yeas and no," I said. I then went on to explain that although one character, Nick, appeared occasionally, the stories didn't flow as one large story. "It's sort of like a painting," I told him, "If you could pick out any one individual brush-stroke and study it, it would be meaningless. But if you pull back and see all the brush-strokes, you can view the painting in its entirety." He thought this was very wise and went away, contented that I was a literate genius. Myself, I didn't really know what to gather from the stories. I've never honestly read any Hemmingway previously. I've started to read The Sun Also Rises about ten times and gotten waylaid by Batman, Robert B. Parker, and the like each time. I think I read The Old Man and the Sea ages ago in high school, but it was so long ago that it has slipped completely from my memory. He is one of those authors that I always connect with my father and his college years for some reason, although I'm not entirely sure why. I've always wanted to read Hemmingway, but I've always wanted to read all of Shakespeare, Homer, and Eliot, too. The edition I'm reading has the short stories separated by "Chapters" which do and don't tell a story. The "Chapters" strongly remind me of Pink Floyd's The Wall. I was also surprised at how simple it is to read them. They are perfect examples of how Poe defined the short story: quick, (sometimes) powerful, and written to evoke one feeling. After r eading The End of Something, for example, I was struck by how easily Hemmingway made me sad. The ending to A Very Short Story was pure torture. All the stories are simply constructed, no superfluous words, no extra images to clutter the feeling. They seem to be written with Strunk and White's Elements of Style in mind.

Euthanasia should not be legalized in the US Essay examples -- Mercy K

For the past decade all over the world, one of the most argued and debated about topics has been a patient’s right to choose to end his or her life by means of euthanasia. Euthanasia is the practice of ending a life in a painless manner. It has been and still remains an extremely controversial topic in the US. Does a person have the right to die? Should euthanasia be legalized? Legalizing euthanasia has become a burning topic to doctors, societies, governments, and nations. To me, the US government should not legalize euthanasia. I agree that people should have the right to do anything they want to do, but the death of a human is something that should not be controlled by another human. Life is a divine gift that really matters to all. According to Pope John Paul II, â€Å"A man, even if seriously sick or prevented in the exercise of its higher functions, is and will be always a man. He will never become a vegetable or an animal. The intrinsic value and personal dignity of every human being does not change depending on their circumstances.† Also, most of the people, who ask for the hel...

DISCUSS HOW FAR JOHN PROCTOR, ELIZABETH PROCTOR AND REVEREND HALE CAN :: English Literature

DISCUSS HOW FAR JOHN PROCTOR, ELIZABETH PROCTOR AND REVEREND HALE CAN BE SAID TO REMAIN TRUE TO HIS OR HER BELIEFS The Crucible is a container that resists hear or the hollow at the bottom of an ore furnace. However its connotations include melting pot, in the symbolic sense, and the bearing of a cross. Elizabeth, John Proctor's wife; a cold, childless woman who is an upright character who cannot forgive her husband's adultery until just before he died: she is accused of being a witch. Reverend Hale, a self-proclaimed expert on witchcraft; at the play's end tries to save the accused. John Proctor, a good man with human failures and a hidden secret, a affair with Abigail, he is often the voice of reason in the play; accused of witchcraft. "I do not judge you. The magistrate that sits in your heart judges you." This is where Elizabeth suspects that John has committed adultery, but knows how good of man he is and tries to look over it. "Adultery, John." This is where John tells her and she makes it sound like it is news to her even though she has known for a while. She is trying to have John have a "good" name and not be a name that everyone discards. "No, sir." Here she is protecting his name but she doesn't know that John has just come out and said that he committed lechery. She thought that she was saving him but she was actually making it worse for him. "I mean to crush him utterly if he has shown his face." Here he is talking about if he ever encountered the Devil that he would literally kick his ass. This shows how he is a hipper rite against being a Puritan. Even though he is a religious man he still has the human character of having an evil side to himself. "But I will cut off my hand before I ever reach for you again." John is talking to Abigail and how he is finished with seeing her and that he doesn't want any part of her. John goes through from being amoral to immoral and then to moral, then back to amoral at the end. "It's winter in here yet." Elizabeth and John were talking about how he was working all day seeding even though he was at Salem to see what the fuss was all about. Here he shows his character toward Elizabeth by lying to her and she can't trust him. "Let Rebecca go like a saint, for me it is a fraud." This shows how he changes and starts to take

Organising Learning Essay

Furthermore, another area of concern for me is managing behaviour in the classroom. In my opinion, managing behaviour is a partnership between the teacher and the children. The teacher must be the authority figure in the classroom. I feel this is achieved once trust and respect is formed. Once routine is learned and the children know what is expected from them, a lot of pressure is taken off the teacher. In school, the children were constantly encouraged to put their hands up. If they called out the teacher would respond quickly and ask them to put their hand up. Therefore, I have found that unwanted behaviour should either be ignored or dealt with rapidly to reduce further problems. It is they teachers responsibility to decide how to handle a situation. The school has a behaviour policy which the whole school follows. I feel this is a valuable document and offers guidelines to handling challenging behaviour. The teacher uses smiley or sad faces on the board as a management strategy. In my whole school experience only saw three sad faces which was amazing. The Overall behaviour of the children was very good as the teacher used praise, smiley faces, well done points and stickers on a regular basis to encourage good behaviour. The children thought very highly of the teacher and tried hard to please her. I tried to use the teachers classroom management strategies as the children were familiar with them and the children responded to the in a positive wing the very lucky teaching the class as they showed a genuine interest in my lesson and behaved extremely well for me. I feel this was because I tried to make it interesting. I tried to pitch the lesson to their level so they could relate it to their experiences. Meeting the needs of individual children is a constant challenge. Some children may need individual help all the time and there are some children who have special educational needs. Therefore, there needs must be planned for and a lot of praise and encouragement is needed to reward their progress, so they don’t feel excluded from the rest of the class. I believe this is extremely important; an effective teacher must be able to meet the individual needs of every child in the classroom. At university I particularly enjoy science and English lectures. The tutors are friendly and approachable which I feel is because they make sure we all understand the lesson. They quickly recognise if any students are struggling with their work and offer different methods of learning. I feel comfortable participating in these lessons as I feel quite confident in the subject. These tutors also give us the opportunity to discuss our thoughts and ideas with each other which I also think is an effective method of learning. I have also found that assessment is a vital part of teaching and this is an area of concern for me. It is especially vital to assess children at the end of each key stage to provide an individual report they can take with them, which highlight their strengths and possible growth points. Although a teacher will know what level their pupils are at, it is now important to have evidence to support their judgmentsDuring my school placement I observed the teacher assessing the children on a regular basis. Questioning the children is an effective method to establish what level the children are at, this is accomplished in an informal manner and the children are not pressured. The teacher built on the results of the assessment during teaching and addressed any misconceptions which the children may have. Another method of testing was seen at the end of each topic, the children answered questions on a worksheet which provided physical evidence to support the teachers judgment. Sometimes check-lists can be used for smaller groups during some activities which have been planned for assessment. I observed year one and year three and upper key stage two. I saw the same behaviour management in all the classes. Year six children were given more responsibility over their time management and behaviour as the expectations were shared with them from the beginning. Year six did not sit on the carpet, all teaching took place at their tables. It helped to see how the children progress and the NNS and NLS is a valuable document which tells teachers how to develop the children’s learning. I am concerned about becoming an effective teacher, and it is vital that all teachers should recognize their strengths and weaknesses. They should reflect on previous lessons and be able to set targets. I feel that teaching is an occupation where the teachers are also learning alongside the children. Sometimes lessons may not go as well as we anticipate or sometimes they may be better than previously thought. All this should be recorded by evaluating our progress after each day and building on our professional development. It is crucial to act upon areas which need improvement. In conclusion, I have highlighted my concerns of becoming an effective teacher. I have included possible ways to improve areas such as classroom management and behaviour. I have also included my school observations for examples of the teacher giving and receiving respect from the children. I have also included forms of assessment and self reflection which are crucial aspects of teaching. In my opinion, teaching is not simply a career, it becomes part of your life. A creative and stimulating teacher would gain great personal satisfaction from this profession and my school placement has confirmed my desires of becoming an effective classroom teacher. It is important for a teacher to be happy, organised and enthusiastic in school, knowing that they are making a difference to a child’s future. Bibliography Collis, M. Lacey, P. (1996), Interactive Approaches To Teaching, London, David Fulton.  Dean, J. (2001), Organising Learning in the Primary Classroom, Third Edition, London, RoutledgeFalmer.  Edwards, D. Mercer, N. (1987), Common Knowledge, London, Methuen

Role Of The Forestry Department In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

2.1 IntroductionMalaysia is a tropical state which consists of three parts: Peninsular Malaysia and the two Borneo provinces of Sabah and Sarawak. Harmonizing to Forest Statistic Information for the Year 2009 from Official Website Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, the forested country in Peninsular Malaysia is 5.89 million hectares from overall Peninsular Malaysia Area which is 13.18 million hectares. McMorrow & A ; Talip ( 2001: 217, mentioning Wood 1990 ) have pointed out that, based on its public presentation up till the terminal of the 1980s ; Malaysia is one of the 14 major states with over 250,000 hectares deforested yearly. They added that by the late 1980s half of the forest country in Peninsular Malaysia and a fifth in Borneo had gone. A assortment of factors contribute to this province of personal businesss. When deforestation and forest debasement became critical issues, switching cultivation was singled out by the authoritiess, and peculiarly by the Sarawak authorities, as the chief cause of forest loss. Yet, it has since been established that forest debasement due to switching agriculturists is ‘minor ‘ ( Cramb 1989 ; Jomo et.al. 2004 ; Nicholas 2003 ) . The major causes of the diminution in forest country and quality include commercial logging, agricultural development, dikes and relocation. To look profoundly into the affair of the function of authorization from land office and forest section to forestall illegal business in the wood, the writer will give some definitions about forest, illegal wood activities which include illegal business of forestlands, illegal logging, etc. The Torahs such as National Land Code1965 and National Forestry Act 1984 that involve illegal business in wood have to be defined. Forest direction or sustainable forest direction besides has to be defined to happen out overview of forest jurisprudence enforcement and system monitoring in Malaysia. Since the respondents of survey are governments from land office and forestry section, therefore the maps, functions or duties besides need to be defined.2.2 Definition2.2.1 ForestHarmonizing to Oxford Advanced Learner ‘s Dictionary, wood is a big country of land that is thickly covered with trees. While in Cambridge Advance Learner ‘s Dictionary, wood is defined as a big country of land cov ered with trees and workss, normally larger than a wood, or the trees and workss themselves. Forest is a debatable and intercrossed class. As defined in FRA2000, it is a combination of a land-cover category and a land-use category: it relates non merely to the presence of trees of over 5m and 10 % canopy screen, but besides to the absence of other land utilizations such as agribusiness. It includes †areas usually forming portion of the forest country which are temporarily unstocked but which are expected to return to forest † ( FAO Forestry Department, 1998, p. 3 ) . Further complications stem from alterations in minimal size of country included ( 0.5 hour angle in FRA2000, compared with 100 hour angles in FRA1990 ) . Rubber plantations were included as plantations in FRA2000 but non in FRA1990. And while a unvarying definition was employed in FRA2000, it has non become a planetary criterion: treatment continued thenceforth ( FAO, 2002 ) , and a different 1 has been agreed for describing on the Kyoto Protocol ( UNFCCC, 2002 ) . Even if a individual definition is agreed, as in FRA2000, jobs remain and so may go even more insidious because they are less obvious. At the state degree, informations are collected harmonizing to national definitions, and have to be adjusted to the international one Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) , Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 showed that woods cover 31 per centum of entire land country. Degree centigrades: Documents and SettingsTHAMDesktopuntitled.JPG The universe ‘s entire forest country is merely over 4 billion hectares, which corresponds to an norm of 0.6 hour angles per capita. The five most forest-rich states ( the Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China ) history for more than half of the entire forest country. Ten states or countries have no wood at all and an extra 54 have forest on less than 10 per centum of their entire land country. Carol Yong ( 2006 ) revealed that the official definition of a wood used in Malaysia differs from the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) definition, which excludes countries under agricultural harvests ( e.g. oil thenar ) . In Malaysia, nevertheless, the countries under oil thenar, gum elastic and tree harvests are often regarded as wood. The inquiry of the definition of woods is peculiarly important in the Malayan context where the Malayan woods are quickly vanishing and, conversely, â€Å" forest † plantations countries are spread outing. Malayan Timber Council ( 2008 ) draws our attending that in the twelvemonth 2006, Malaysia has 32.95 million hectares of land country, of which 24.60 million hectares or 74.7 per centum of entire land country are classified as entire country under tree screen. Of these, 18.5 million hectares are forested country and 6.25 million hectares are other tree bulls. Of the entire country under tree screen, 8.96 million hectares ( 36.42 per cent ) are found in Sarawak, 11.23 million hectares ( 45.65 per cent ) are found in Peninsular Malaysia and 4.41 million hectares ( 17.93 per cent ) in Sabah. Sabah claims it has the least country under tree screen. S. Mather ( 1990 ) in Zalinda Binti Muhammad ( 2003 ) and Norisah Binti Kasim ( 2006 ) stated that wood is one spectrum which has natural elements like merchandise of the forest, vegetations and zoologies, etc. Area of all the forest that has been identified at the center of decennary 1980 is more than 4000 million hectare or 31 per centum of surface of the Earth. Harmonizing to S.M. Mohd Idris who is the manager of Sahabat Alam Malaysia ( SAM ) or Friends of the Earth Malaysia ( 1987 ) in Norisah Binti Kasim ( 2006 ) , he stated that â€Å" †¦ forests offer protective functions against environmental alterations. The complex function played by wood in the heat and H2O balance of the Earth is undeniable. At the local degree, the forest screen breaks the impact of heavy rainstorms on the dirt, reduces and slows down surface run off, and minimizes dirt eroding every bit good as state of affairs of the drainage systems. Flash inundations and drawn-out inundations in many countries of the topical universe are progressively attributable to extended clearance of forested countries. †2.2.2 Improper OccupationHarmonizing to Oxford Advanced Learner ‘s Dictionary, the significance of business is the act of life in or utilizing a edifice, room, piece of land, etc. Meanwhile the significance of improper is non allowed by the jurisprudence or equivalent word with illegal. Therefore improper business can be defined as the act of life in or utilizing a edifice, room, piece of land, etc which is against the jurisprudence.2.2.3 Illegal Forest Activitiesâ€Å" Illegal wood activities † is a wide term that includes illegal logging ; it is used to mention to activities broader than merely harvest home, which is, conveyance, processing and trade ( Smith, 2002 ) . Brack and Hayman ( 2001 ) besides reference that illegalities may besides happen â€Å" during conveyance, including illegal processing and export, misdeclaration to imposts, and turning away of revenue enhancements and other monies. † Illegal forest activities include all illegal Acts of the Apostless related to forest ecosystems, forest industries, and lumber and non-timber wood merchandises. They include Acts of the Apostless related to the constitution of rights to the land and corrupt activities used to get forest grants. Illegal Acts of the Apostless include unauthorised business of public and private forestlands, logging in protected or environmentally sensitive countries, reaping protected species of trees, forest incendiarism, wildlife poaching, improper conveyance of wood and other wood merchandises, smuggling, reassign pricing and other deceitful accounting patterns, unauthorised processing of wood merchandises, misdemeanor of environmental ordinances, and bribing authorities functionaries ( Contreras-Hermosilla 2002a ) â€Å" There are many types of illegal forest patterns like public retainers may O.K. illegal contracts with private endeavor. Private commercial corporations may reap trees of species that are protected by jurisprudence from timber development. Persons and communities may come in public wood and illicitly take merchandises that are public belongings. Illegal activities do non halt at the forest. They travel down the line to operations in transit, processing and trade of wood merchandises. Persons or corporations may smuggle wood merchandises across international boundary lines or procedure natural wood stuffs without a licence. Corporations with strong international links may unnaturally blow up the monetary value of imported inputs or deflate the volume and monetary values of their exports to cut down their revenue enhancement liability and to ease the illegal transportation of capital abroad † ( FAO 2001 ) . Contreras-Hermosilla nowadayss illustrations of illegal activities in the forestry sector, grouped into six classs: illegal business of forestlands ; illegal logging ; incendiarism ; illegal lumber trade and conveyance, and timber smuggling ; transfer pricing and other illegal accounting patterns ; and illegal wood processing that shown in Table 1 below.[ 1 ]Illegal business of forestlandsaˆ?Invasion of public forested lands by either rural households, communities or private corporations to change over them to agriculture or cowss ranching aˆ? Practice of slash-and-burn agribusiness on invaded lands aˆ?Landless provincials illicitly busying forested countries to coerce authoritiess to allow land ownership rights to them and these authoritiess purchasing lands from provincials.Illegal loggingaˆ? Logging protected species aˆ? Duplication of droping licences aˆ? Girdling or ring-barking, to kill trees so that they can be lawfully logged aˆ? Contracting with local enterprisers to purchase logs from protected countries aˆ? Loging in protected countries aˆ? Logging outside grant boundaries aˆ? Loging in prohibited countries such as steep inclines, riversides and H2O catchments aˆ? Removing under-/over-sized trees from public woods aˆ? Extracting more timber than authorised aˆ? Reporting high volume extracted in forest grants to dissemble the fact that portion of the volume declared is extracted from non-authorized boundaries aˆ? Loging without mandate aˆ? Obtaining logging grants through payoffs.Forests incendiarismaˆ?Setting forests on fire to change over them to commercial utilizations.Illegal timber conveyance, trade and lumber smugglingaˆ? Transporting logs without mandate aˆ? Transporting illicitly harvested lumber aˆ? Smuggling lumber aˆ? Exporting and importing tree species banned under international jurisprudence, such as Citations aˆ? Exporting and importing lumber in dispute of national prohibitions.Transportation pricing and other illegal accounting patternsaˆ? Declaring lower values and volumes exported aˆ? Declaring purchase monetary values higher than the predominating market monetary values as equipment or services from related companies aˆ? Manipulating debt hard currency flows to reassign money to a subordinate or parent company, such as blow uping debt refund to avoid revenue enhancements on net incomes aˆ?Under-grading, under-valuing, under-measuring and misclassification of species exported or for the local market.Illegal forest processingaˆ? Operating without a processing licence aˆ? Ignoring environmental and societal and labour Torahs and ordinances aˆ? Using illicitly obtained wood in industrial processing.Table 3: Examples of illegal patterns in the forestry sectorThe World Bank estimates that loss of gross caused by illegal wood activities throughout the universe is deserving US $ 5 billion yearly. Illegal wood activities occur in tropical, temperate and boreal woods.[ 2 ] Illegal forest activities abound in many states, for illustration: * In Indonesia, every bit much as 50 million three-dimensional metres of lumber are estimated to be illicitly cut-down each twelvemonth. * At least one-fifth of Russia ‘s one-year lumber crop is taken illicitly, and illegal harvest home may account for every bit much as 50 per centum of the sum in East Asia. * In Cambodia in 1997, the volume of illicitly harvested logs was ten times that of the legal crop. * In Cameroon and Mozambique about half of the entire one-year lumber crop is illegal. * In Brazil, an estimated 80 per centum of lumber extracted each twelvemonth in the Amazon is removed illicitly.2.2.4 Illegal LoggingIllegal logging has no individual definition. It is non a legal term derived from pacts, legislative acts, or tribunal sentiments. Neither is it a proficient term that professionals use in a consistent manner. In a general sense, â€Å" illegal logging takes topographic point when lumber is harvested, transported, bought or sold in misdemeanor of national Torahs † ( Black and Hayman 2001 ) . This wide definition includes about any illegal act that may happen between the turning of the tree and the reaching of the forest-based merchandise in the custodies of the consumer † ( Rosenbaum 2003 ) There are normally no expressed definitions for illegal logging. In pattern, the definition can be derived from the legal misdemeanors that are reported on in the national statistics refering illegal logging. This does non needfully intend that other types of misdemeanors would be ignored ; they may merely be recorded under different headers. In wide footings, the assorted legal misdemeanors associated with illegal logging can be divided into eight groups: ( I ) larceny, ( two ) unauthorized harvest home, ( three ) non-compliance with ordinances related to timber harvest home, ( four ) non-compliance with the process of timber sales/concession award, ( V ) use of timber informations, ( six ) equivocation of revenue enhancements and fees, ( seven ) non-compliance with ordinances refering conveyance or export of lumber, and ( seven ) disobedience with labour Torahs Typically, the statistics on illegal logging in the states involved in the survey refer to misdemeanors which involve phys ical remotion of trees i.e. larceny, unauthorised harvest home and disobedience with cutting ordinances. Corruptness in connexion with lumber harvest home is non recorded under illegal logging unless it involves physical remotion of trees. All types of misdemeanors in the above list except larceny could affect corruptness. Based on interviews with assorted stakeholders in the states involved in the survey, disobedience with labour Torahs is perceived to be merely weakly linked to illegal logging. Sector-specific records are non maintained and forest disposal is non involved in enforcement activities. The illegal logging phenomenon is neither new nor uncontested by the authorities. It started in the old ages prior to the societal economic reform ; it reached the extremum in 1997 and continues to day of the month. From this point of position, the â€Å" unwellness † has non infected merely one sector but has extended its roots into other sectors of the economic system, and the â€Å" remedy † for this â€Å" unwellness † requires the intersectoral cooperation of public disposal, non denying here the interested community and the work of the economic and environmental NGOs.2.3 Forest ManagementForest direction is the subdivision of forestry concerned with the overall administrative, economic, legal, and societal facets and with the basically scientific and proficient facets, particularly silviculture, protection, and forest ordinance. This includes direction for aesthetics, fish, diversion, urban values, H2O, wilderness, wildlife, wood merchandises, forest famili al resources and other forest resource values. Management can be based on preservation, economic sciences, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, seting and replanting of assorted species, cutting roads and tracts through woods, and forestalling fire. Formal forest direction in Malaysia was introduced in 1901 by the British colonial disposal with the creative activity of a wood section. The section was involved in forestry vegetation, silvicultural pattern, policy preparation and forest saving. Forestry policies formulated by the British in the 1920s and 1930s were consolidated as the National Forestry Policy ( NFP ) in 1978 to guarantee orderly execution of forest direction, preservation and development across all provinces. This is because land and forest in Malaysia are purely province affairs. The ad hoc forest direction policy practiced by each province makes monitoring and control of forest resources at the federal degree hard. The National Forestry Act ( NFA ) of 1984 provides for orderly harvest home, reclamation and preservation of trees at the sustainable output degree.2.3.1 Significance of Forest Management2.3.2 Sustainable Forest ManagementSustainable Forest Management ( SFM ) is the manner of direction in which growin g exceeds timber crop, now besides encompasses economic sciences, environmental and societal qualities that contribute to the sustainability of forest dependent communities and ecosystems every bit good as the forest itself. Malaysia has a program more environmentally-friendly and responsible concern patterns. This will assist cut down runing costs in the long-term and is a wise investing in the hereafter, safeguarding the natural resources depending on corporations and communities. For illustration, local corporations in wood industries are fall ining WWF ‘s Global Forest and Trade Network. They are aiming European and US markets, where consumers are progressively demanding wood merchandises from sustainably managed woods ( WWF-Malaysia, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to International Tropical Timber Organization ( ITTO, 1992 ) , sustainable wood direction is the procedure of pull offing woods to accomplish one or more clearly specified aims of direction with respect to the production of a uninterrupted flow of coveted wood merchandises and services, without undue decrease of its built-in value and future productiveness, and without undue unwanted effects on the physical and societal environments. FAO ( 1993 ) defines it as one which ensures that the values derived from forest meet present twenty-four hours demands while at the same clip guaranting their continued handiness and use to long-run development demands. Sustainable Forest Management ( SFM ) is impossible to accomplish if a state does non hold a direction system. In this respect, the usage of more systematic attack in pull offing the woods in Peninsular Malaysia began in 1901 when the first forest officer was appointed ( Ismail, 1996 ) . Since so, forest direction patterns in Peninsular Malaysia had been subjected to constant reappraisal and polish so as to guarantee their suitableness in accomplishing forest reclamation and sustained output. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 study has provides a comprehensive overview of the consequences of FRA 2010 grouped harmonizing to seven subjects, covering cardinal facets of sustainable forest direction: aˆ? Extent of forest resources aˆ? Forest biological diverseness aˆ? Forest wellness and verve aˆ? Protective maps of forest resources aˆ? Productive maps of forest resources aˆ? Socio-economic maps of woods aˆ? Legal, policy and institutional model2.4 Legal FrameworkThe forestry policies are implemented chiefly through the commissariats in the forest Torahs enacted for the three parts: National Forestry Act 1984 for Peninsular Malaysia, Forest Regulation 1958 for Sarawak and Forest Enactment 1968 for Sabah, and the assorted amendments by the States. The other related ordinances that affect forestry for Peninsular Malaysia include the Land Conservation Act 1960, Environmental Quality Act 1974, National Parks Act 1980, Protection of Wildlife Act 1972, National Land Code 1965, Aboriginal Peoples Act 1954, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Forest Rules 1985. For Sabah, the relevant ordinances include Forest Rules 1969, Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1977, Land Ordinance 1930, Cultural Heritage ( Conservation ) 1997, Sabah Parks Enactment 1984, Biodiversity Enactment 2000, Conservation of Environment Enactment 1996, Water Resource Enactment 1998, and Environmental Quality Act 1974. Sarawak has the Natural Resources and Environment Ordinance 1997, Forest Rules 1962, Wildlife Protection Ordinance and Rules 1998, The Forests ( Planted Forest ) Rules 1997, Sarawak Biodiversity Centre Ordinance 1997, Sarawak Biodiversity ( Access, Collection & A ; Research Regulations ) 1998, Land Code 1958, Natural Resource and Environmental Ordinance, Water Ordinance 1994, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Land Ordinance 1952, Native Code 1992, Native Code Rules 1996, and Native Custom Declaration 1996.2.4.1 The Torahs2.4.1.1 Malayan Fundamental lawForests are under the duty of the provinces as enshrined in the Malayan Federal Constitution. Under Article 74 ( 12 ) of the Federal Constitution, land and forest ownership and direction is the duty of the State authoritiess. Each province has control over how they use and protect their forest resources so come up with their ain policies. For illustration, Sarawak governs under the Sarawak Forest Regulation of 1954 while S abah operates under the Sabah Forest Enactment of 1968. The executive authorization of the Federal Government merely extends to the proviso of advice and proficient aid to the States includes aid with forest direction, preparation of forces, behavior of research and presentation or experimental Stationss unless the State agrees to depute some of their authorization to the Federal Government. However, the Federal Government is responsible for trade policies, import and export controls and international cooperation among others. Under the proviso of Article 74 Clause ( 2 ) of the Malayan Constitution, land and forest are defined as province affairs and are therefore within the legal power of the several State Governments. Clause ( 3 ) of Article 76 of the Malayan Constitution ensures that all Acts related to land and forest shall non come into force in a State unless it has been adopted by a jurisprudence made by the legislative assembly of the State. As such each State is empowered to ordain Torahs on forestry and to explicate wood policy independently. The executive authorization of the Federal Government merely extends to the proviso of advice and proficient aid to the States, preparation and the behavior of research, and in the care of experimental and presentation Stationss.2.4.1.2 National Forest PolicyUpon independency from the British in 1957, the Colonial Office returned the woods to Malaysia. In 1958, with commissariats under the Federal Constitution, the National Land Council ( NLC ) was formed â €˜for organizing State and Federal policies and aims covering land usage, excavation, forestry and agribusiness to explicate from clip to clip in audience with the Federal Government, the State Governments and the National Finance Council a national policy for the publicity and control of the use of land throughout the Federation the development of natural resources was hence sensed piecemeal, instead than holistically ‘ ( Kathirithamby-Wells 2005: 267 ) . The first measure to protecting the forest resources in Malaysia was the formation of the National Forestry Council ( NFC ) in December 1971. The end of the NFC was to make co-ordinated programs and efficaciously pull off Malaysians woods. The NFC is made up of the Chief Curates from all 13 provinces. Subsequently, this organic structure created the basis for the formation of the National Forestry Policy ( NFP ) . This policy was officially adopted by the Malayan authorities in 1978. This policy recognizes the importance of woods for the public assistance of both single communities and that state itself. Malaysia has dedicated itself to sustainable timber output patterns. The National Forest Policy for Peninsular Malaysia of 1978 was revised in 1992 to integrate several new elements, one of which is on the importance of forest jurisprudence enforcement. In this revised policy statements, it was emphasized that the State Governments through their several State Director Forestry must judicially implement the National Forest Act 1984 ( Revised 1993 ) to guarantee sustainable forest resource direction and preservation.2.4.1.3 National Forestry Act 1984An Act to supply for the disposal, direction and preservation of woods and forestry development within the States of Malaysia and for affiliated intents. There is the amendment to National Forestry Act 1984 in 1993 to supply for stiffer punishments for illegal logging and enlisting the Police and Armed Forces to help the Forestry Departments in transporting out enforcement to control illegal logging, lumber larceny and invasions. The cardinal step taken by the Government to forestall forest offense was by amending the National Forestry Act, 1984 to integrate new commissariats to discourage the happening of wood discourtesies. The Act was enacted to update and harmonise forest jurisprudence in the Peninsula. Prior to the Act, the assorted State authoritiess depend on the State Forest Enactment ‘s, which were formulated in 1930 ‘s, for legal guidelines on forest direction and preservation. The Act besides enables the effectual execution of the National Forestry Policy passed in 1978. It was amended in 1993 to further beef up its commissariats to control illegal invasion of woods and larceny of lumber. The Act has been adopted by all the provinces in Peninsular Malaysia. The chief aims of amending the Act are as follows: I ) To increase the punishments and fasten the processs in intensifying forest offenses two ) To reassign load of cogent evidence from the prosecuting officer to the defence in the tribunal three ) To depute power in authorship by State Director of Forestry under subdivision 88, 89, 90, 92 or 93 to any member of the armed forces non below the rank of Lance Corporal as empowered to the constabulary but shall non include the power of probe four ) To add new subdivisions 100A and 100B for wagess and protection of betrayers severally, subdivision 101A for power of tribunal to order annulment and disqualification, subdivision 110A for discourtesies committed by licensee or holder of license, and New Sixth Schedule for list of machines, equipment and conveyance † . V ) To do general amendments in the national linguistic communication text, alteration of name in the national linguistic communication text and replacement subdivisions 5, 69, 101 and 1042.4.1.4 National Land CodeHarmonizing to subdivision 425 improper business, etc. , of province Land, reserved land or excavation land National Land Code ( Act 56 of 1965 ) and ordinances, Section 425 ( 1 ) stated that any individual who, without lawful authorization – Occupies, or erects any edifice on, any State land, reserved land or excavation land or Clears, Big Dippers, digs, encloses or cultivates any such land or portion thereof ; or Cuts or removes any lumber or bring forth on or from such land, shall be guilty of an offense, and apt on strong belief to a all right non transcending ten thousand Ringgit, or imprisonment for a term non transcending one twelvemonth. ( 1A ) Any individual who abets the committee of an offense under sub-section ( 1 ) shall be guilty of an offense, and apt on strong belief to a all right non transcending ten thousand ringgit, or imprisonment for a term non transcending one twelvemonth, or to both. ( 2 ) For the intent of this subdivision, State Land shall include all land held by or on behalf of Federal or State Government a local authorization or a statutory authorization exerting power vested in it by Federal or State jurisprudence. Section 426 besides stated that improper extraction or remotion of stone stuff besides show that any individual who without lawful authorization, extracts removes, or, conveyances or permits the extraction, remotion or transit of stone stuff from any land shall be guilty of an offense, and apt on strong belief to a all right non transcending 50 thousand ringgit, or imprisonment for a term non transcending five old ages, or to both.[ 3 ] Section 426A show that any constabularies officer non below the rank of Inspector, Registrar, Land Administrator, Settlement Officer or other officer duly authorized by the State Authority ( afterlife in this portion referred to as â€Å" authorised officer † may without warrant- Arrest any individual found perpetrating or trying to perpetrate or abetting the committee of an offense under subdivision 425 or 426 Seize any vehicle, tractor, agricultural implement or other thing whatsoever which he has ground to believe was used or is being used in the committee of an offense under that subdivision Demolish, destroy or take any edifice, or take ownership in the name of the State Authority of any harvest, erected or cultivated on any land land in dispute thereof.2.4.1.5 List of improper activities under each LawMisdemeanors of the protective commissariats ( harm of wood modesty through fire, prohibited Acts of the Apostless in a wood modesty, illegal logging and remotion from other countries, cutting of undersized trees ) are punished by mulct and imprisonment in the instance of unauthorised entry for intervention with fencings or notice boards, by a all right entirely [ Idaho. Section 20 ( 1 ) ( C ) and 33 ( 1 ) ] . Assorted offenses of fraud, privacy of grounds and having forest green goods are besides punished by mulct and imprisonment ( Section 30 ) . In add-on to mulcts and imprisonment, the Forest Enactment authorizes the tribunal to order the cancellation of licenses, the payment of any fees that would hold been collectible in the instance of unaccredited Acts of the Apostless that could hold been licensed, and compensation of 10 times the value of forest green goods removed or damaged ( Enactment No. 2 of 1968, Section 34 ) . There is besides proviso for combination of certain offenses [ come ining closed country, rehearsing switching cultivation ( Section 20 ( C ) ] , capable to the payment of an sum based on the mulct provided for the offense ( Section 35 ) . The Forest Enactment contains a figure of givens that shift the load of cogent evidence to the suspect charged with a forest offense. In prosecutions against licensees, if there is an extraction path from an country of alleged illegal remotion to the accredited country, or if the volume of lumber claimed to be covered by a license exceeds the production of the accredited country, the elements of illegal remotion or of ownership of green goods in regard of which an offense has been committed are presumed. In any instance in which the being of a license, payment of any royalty, ownership of farm animal or forest green goods, or the birthplace of wood green goods is in issue, the load of cogent evidence prevarications on the accused ( id. Section 38 ) .2.4.2 The Agencies Involved2.4.2.1 Forestry Department Peninsular MalaysiaForestry Department Peninsular Malaysia ( JPSM ) is one of the sections under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia and consists of Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Headquarters, 11 State Forestry Department and 33 District Forest Office in all of the Peninsular Malaysia. The section is headed by Director General of Forestry and assisted by two Deputy Director of Forestry. At the terminal of 2009, the figure of employees is about 5.432 people. Forestry Department is responsible for the direction, planning, protection and development of the Permanent Forest Reserve ( HSK ) in conformity with the National Forestry Policy ( NDP ) 1992 and National Forestry Act ( APN ) 1984. Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Headquarters responsible for the preparation of forestry policies, supplying advice and proficient services to State Forestry Department in the planning, direction and development of woods, forest harvest home and wood-based industries, forest operations research, and preparation and human resource development. At the Head Office of Forestry, there are two Deputy Director General who are Deputy Director ( Policy and Planning ) and Deputy Director ( Operations and Technical ) is responsible for each of the six divisions. Meanwhile, there is one Unit of measurement and another one division is straight responsible to the Director General of Forestry. Sector Policy and Planning Deputy Director General of Forestry ( Policy and Planning ) in charge of planning and economic wood, forest resource direction, silviculture and preservation of forest biological science, wood development and forest eco-park, province Parkss, international personal businesss and forestry plantation and forest protection. Sector Operations and Technical Deputy Director General of Forestry ( Operations and Technical ) is responsible for the personal businesss of disposal and finance, technology, forestry, lumber industry, proficient and enforcement of the forest, forestry preparation and human capital development and information engineering systems development.2.4.2.2 State Forestry Department Negeri SembilanState Forestry Department is responsible for the disposal and control of forest development, forest gross aggregation and development of province forest resources. The section besides plans and coordinates the development of wood-based industries. State F orestry Department is divided into Forest Operations Division and Forest Development and supported by the Office of the Forest District. Forest Operations Division is responsible for disposal, forest jurisprudence enforcement, gross aggregation, and co-ordinates and liaises with the Head Office of Forestry, other province sections, statutory organic structures and bureaus. Meanwhile Forestry Development Division is responsible for planning, implementing and supervising the activities of direction and development of woods, including biodiversity preservation, ecotourism development and rehabilitation of forest countries and the readying and execution of the State Forest Management Plan. Forest Office District is responsible for disposal, control of forest development, forest gross aggregation and enforcement of forest Torahs. This office is besides responsible for implementing the activities of direction and development of woods, including forest direction of forest eco-park and province Parkss. The operation in the wood of State Forestry Department can split into two parts which are jurisprudence enforcement and forest harvest home. In jurisprudence enforcement portion, enforcement activities undertaken in all countries affecting the Permanent Forest Reserve, the State Land Reserve and alienated land. In peculiar, this activity is to implement the National Forestry Act 1984 and amendments, the Rules of the Forest Enactment of the Wood Industry and the Rules of the Wood Industry. Forestry Department is besides taking a precautional attack to learning from clip to clip through Development Program and Publicity through seminars, classs and official accounts and besides in the field, particularly to operators / lumbermans to follow with ordinances and Torahs in force. The consequences of the National Forestry Council-19 in 2005 had decided that all forest discourtesies affecting Section 15 and Section 40 of the APN 1984 ( Amendment 1993 ) ( instances of illegal logging ) are no longer allowed to be compounded, but proceed with prosecution in tribunal proceedings. In add-on, Section 86 and Section 107 is besides the subdivisions contained in the bing APN 1984 ( Rev. 1993 ) for instances of mistakes that can non be compounded even though it is the first clip. All of these discourtesies shall be referred to the State Legal Advisor for more sentiments and execution of appropriate direction. Reaping of woods in was conducted in conformity with demands of the standard standards, indexs and activities set by the ITTO Year 2000 Objective and the MS ISO 9000 for the development of Forest Land in the Permanent Reserved Forests are capable to an one-year allowable cut an country of 2.460 hectares. Forest Harvesting is the chief standards to pull off and keep woods in line with the rules of Sustainable Forest Management for the benefit of societal, economic, cultural and environmental. The harvest home of woods is taking activity and forest green goods that contributes to the development and socio-economic development. Reaping the Permanent Forest Reserve is an activity that must be implemented harmonizing to the best forest direction systems to cut and take plenty wood to size and adulthood of the demands of wood-based industries. Harvesting is carried out selective cutting system with adequate left base at the following unit of ammunition in line with the economic development of forest resources to guarantee sustainability and environmental stableness.2.4.2.3 Land Office and DistrictAmong the maps, functions and duties of Land Office and District are supplying services in direction, finance, services, licensing, records direction and security functionaries with the purpose of easing travel and fiscal disposal and program, manage, co-ordinate and implement policies for socio-economic development of local communities particularly in rural countries to accomplish th e NEP by supplying basic installations needed. Land office and District responsible to make an efficient land disposal system to guarantee efficient and effectual mode all affairs ( traffics ) are concerned with the land and guarantee that all studies made by members of the populace are investigated and action taken quickly. They besides need to maximise gross aggregation and better aggregation of arrears of gross and update history records the consequences of the Land Office from clip to clip with the right and subject the returns within the specified clip. Land Office and District can be divided to three chief divisions which are Management Services Division, Land Management Division, and Development Division. Under the Land Management Division, there are Land Development Unit, Land Disposal Unit, Land Registration Unit & A ; Heritage, Revenue Unit, and Enforcement Unit. The maps of Enforcement Unit are place the location of jobs and ailments, monitoring and carry oning probes, behavior patrols every hebdomad two times and guarantee that all activities that performed has valid license. Among the functions and duties of Enforcement Unit are look into the land in relation to the application of province land, permits for prospecting, transition, impermanent housing licence applications, subdivision, subdivision, consolidation, reserve, land acquisition, implement enforcement on illegal land geographic expedition, breach of status of land, the transportation of stone stuff, carry out enforcement responsibilities, the detainment, arrogation, devastation, in line power supplied under the Section 426A National Land Code ( NLC ) , investigate studies of instances associating to set down jurisprudence ( NLC ) , regulate affairs associating to the merchandises of stone stuffs and responsible for capturing, destruction, and provide basic coverage breaches and illegal business and misdemeanor types of status harmonizing to Section 426A NLC.2.4.3 The Power or Duties of Agencies2.4.3.1 Monitoring2.4.3.2 EnforcementThe Forest Enactment empowers forest and constabularies officers to carry on hunts without warrant ( except in homes ) , seize forest green goods, and equipment and apprehension suspected wrongdoers where they are improbable to look on biddings or decline to place themselves right ( Section 36 ) . Forest officers do non hold the powers of ranking constabulary officers to attest to statements made by an accused ( californium. Malaysia Crim. Pro. Code, F, M, S. Cap. 6 ) , although some ictuss might hold the same consequence.2.4.4 The Punishments2.4.4.1 List of punishments for each improper activitySectionInformation ABOUT SectionPunishment15Take any forest green goods from a lasting reserved forest or a State land Fine non transcending[ 4 ]five hundred 1000 ringgit and to imprisonment for a term which shall non be less than one twelvemonth but shall non transcend twenty old ages.25 ( 2 )Fails to follow with a Form 2 notice Fine non transcending[ 5 ]50 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending[ 6 ]five old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment and if the offense is a go oning one, to a farther mulct non transcending[ 7 ]one 1000 ringgit for every twenty-four hours.32 ( 1 )Occupy or transport out any activity upon any land within a lasting reserved forest without permission Fine non transcending[ 8 ]50 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending[ 9 ]five old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment40 ( 1 )Remove any forest green goods without removal licence from any ( a ) anomic land ; ( B ) land held under a impermanent business licence ; ( degree Celsius ) excavation land ; or ( vitamin D ) reserved land, Fine non transcending[ 10 ]five hundred 1000 ringgit and to imprisonment for a term which shall non be less than one twelvemonth but shall non transcend twenty old ages.47 ( 1 ) & A ; ( 4 )Enter any closed wood without permission Fine non transcending[ 11 ]10s thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending three[ 12 ]old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment.50 ( 4 )Use of forest roads without route license 13Fine non transcending ten thousand ringgit81 ( 1 )Acts prohibited in lasting reserved woods ( a ) graze cowss or license cowss to graze ; ( B ) fell, cut, ring, grade, lop or tap any tree ; or injure by fire, or otherwise, or take any tree or lumber ; ( degree Celsius ) cause any harm in droping any tree or film editing or dragging any lumber ; ( vitamin D ) hunt for, collect, capable to any fabricating procedure or take any forest green goods or minerals ; ( vitamin E ) clear or interrupt up any land for cultivation or any other intent ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) use toxicant substance, or dynamite or other explosives on rivers or lakes for the intent of fishing ; or Hunt, shoot, fish or set traps or traps ; or ( g ) trespass in any mode non in this subdivision hereinbefore prohibited Fine non transcending[ 14 ]10s thousand ringgitA Fine non transcending[ 15 ]50 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending[ 16 ]five old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonmentAFine non transcending ten thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending three old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment82 ( 1 )Carry any fire, or leave any fire combustion, within a lasting reserved forest Fine non transcending[ 17 ]50 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending[ 18 ]five old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment.Table 5: Summary of illegal business in the wood and punishment harmonizing to Act 313 National Forestry Act 1984 and National Forestry ( Amendment ) Act 1993 [ Act A864 ]The tabular array above shows that the punishments that imposed to the illegal residents or any individual who are interrupt the jurisprudence is really high and can leap to twofold, trifold and even much more higher after the amendment of National Forestry Act in 1993. For illustration, the people who are take any forest green goods from a lasting reserved forest or a State land harmonizing to subdivision 15 is all right non transcending five 100 1000 ringgit and to imprisonment for a term which shall non be less than one twelvemonth but shall non transcend twenty old ages but antecedently was 10 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending three old ages or to both before the National Forestry ( Amendment ) Act 1993 [ Act A864 ] implemented.2.5 Analysis of Legal Framework2.5.1 FailingYearNo. Of CasesNotes1987172BEFORE Amendment to National Forestry Act 1984198813619892331990172199151219921911993149AFTER Amendment to National Forestry Act 1984199441199534199614199722199823199926200037200115200213200321Table 4: Number of Illegal Logging Cases in Peninsular Malaysia Harmonizing To Year ( 1987 – 2003 )This has shown that authorities ‘s attempt to forestall illegal forest activities in the forest particularly illegal logging in Peninsular Malaysia from acquiring worse nevertheless in fact the illegal business in the wood is still go on. Since there is stricter punishments for those illegal residents after amendment of National Forestry Act in 1993 but why illegal business still can go on even in the reserved land. This has revealed that is the failing of system monitoring and enforcement from relevant governments li ke land office and forestry section who have the power to supervise and implement against illegal residents.2.5.2 ProposalHarmonizing to newspaper â€Å" Utusan Malaysia † dated ( 15-10-2009 ) , Y.B. Tan Sri Joseph Kurup who is Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environment ( NRE ) said that his ministry likes to amend and streamline the commissariats of the National Forestry Act 1984 to turn to the issue of illegal logging. He besides added that they want to set up enforcement squads in the wood territory and province degrees and â€Å" winging squad † in the Forestry Department for battling illegal logging instances in add-on to placing countries with high happening of such events. That has showed that authorities wants to beef up their system of monitoring and enforcement particularly illegal logging instances. However there are still holding other illegal forestry activities happen such as illegal business of forestland, fire combustion, and so on which will give a great impact to the environment and single. Therefore there is a survey or research to supervise other illegal forestry activities and better the enforcement against the illegal residents.2.6 DrumheadFrom the survey that have been done, illegal wood activities which include illegal business, illegal logging, etc need look earnestly by the relevant governments, organisation or non-governmental organisation ( NGO ) and even the populace who are concern about the illegal business in the wood. Since these activities can do harm or destruct the habitation of biodiversity of vegetations and zoologies in the wood, therefore indispensable stairss need to transport out to protect them from being destroy or extinct. Government or related governments have done their attempt to forestall the illegal business in the wood by enforcing heavier punishments to the illegal residents by the amendment of National Forestry Act 1984 in 1993 and National Land Code ( Amendment ) act 2008. The consequence after the amendment is figure of illegal logging instances in Peninsular Malaysia bead dramatically in that period but illegal businesss in the wood still go on and seems similar addition late. Hence there is of import to analyze or reassess system monitoring and enforcement of the governments from land office and forestry section because of the impact of illegal business in the wood. In the undermentioned chapter, the instance survey will concentrate on the wood of Negeri Sembilan where illegal businesss take topographic point to happen out the causes and betterment of system monitoring if demand.